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RUSVM Pathology I > Cell Structure And Mechanisms of Cell Injury > Flashcards

Cell Structure And Mechanisms of Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

Phospholipids of the plasma membrane?

A

Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylinositol
Sphingomyelin

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2
Q

What are lipid rafts?

A

Horizontal associations of sphingomyelin and cholesterol

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3
Q

What phospholipid will flips to the outside of the cell signals itself for phagocytosis ?

A

Phosphatidylserine

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4
Q

Plasma membrane components important in cell-cell interactions and cell-matrix interactions

A

Glycoplipids ad sphingomyelin

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5
Q

What are the 4 general arrangements of proteins and glycoproteins?

A

Integral/transmembrane
Linked to the membrane via lipid or cholesterol
GPI-linked protein (glycosylphosphatidylinositol)
Non-covalent associated

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6
Q

__________ creates a hydrophilic pore and permits rapid movement of solutes

A

Channels

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7
Q

__________ binds a solute and undergoes conformational changes to transport solute across the membrane

A

Carriers

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8
Q

What are the two forms of endocytosis ?

A

Potocytosis - caveolate-mediated

Pinocytosis -receptor-mediated (clathrin coated vesicle)

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9
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton

A

Maintain shape
Maintain polarity
Organize the relationship of intracellular organelles
Mobilize

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10
Q

What are the three classes of the cytoskeleton

A

Actin microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

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11
Q

Thinnest filament comprised of globular protein (G- protein) subunits

A

Actin

Muscle contraction and in cell shape/movement

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12
Q

Tissue specific cytoskeleton component that functions in tensile strength, cell shape, signal transduction,regulation of nuclear transcription, ect.

A

Intermediate filaments

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13
Q

Intermediate filament of epithelial cells

A

Cytokeratin

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14
Q

Intermediate filament of mesenchymal cells

A

Vimentin

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15
Q

Intermediate filament of muscle cells

A

Desmin

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16
Q

Thickest cytoskeleton component of a- and B- tubules that function as cables for molecular motor proteins

A

Microtubules

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17
Q

Continuous barrier that is highly resistant to paracellular ion movement and helps maintain cell polarity

A

Tight junctions (occluding junctions)

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18
Q

Attach cells to other cells or the ECM

A

Desmosomes (anchoring junctions).

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19
Q

Mediates passage of chemical or electrical signals from one celll to another

A

Gap junctions (communicating junctions)

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20
Q

Site of synthesis of all transmembrane proteins and lipids

A

ER

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21
Q

Where are ribosomes found

A

Bound to surface of RER

Cytosol

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22
Q

What modifications can be made to proteins in the ER and what mediates this process

A

Oligomerize
Disulfide bonds
Sugar moieties attached

Chaperone molecules retain proteins in ER until all modification ad folding is complete

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23
Q

Where is intracellular calcium sequestered?

A

Smooth ER

Mitochondria

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24
Q

What occurs to proteins in the Golgi apparatus

A

Glycosylation

25
Function of lysosomes
Digest macromolecules Acid hydrolases (tagged with mannose-6-phosphate) are delivered to lysosome
26
Protesosomes identify proteins by ____________ maker
Ubiquitin
27
What are the functions of the mitochondria ?
Aerobic metabolism ->TCA cycle and election transport chain Regulate apoptosis
28
What is the Warburg effect?
In rapidly growing cells, TCA cycle is used for building blocks on lipid, nucleic acid, and protein -> glucose and glutamate provide carbon=>decreased production of ATP/glucose molecules
29
DNA is wrapped around ____________ to make chromatin
Histones
30
What are the 6 mechanisms of cell injury?
``` Depletion of ATP Mitochondrial damage CA2+ influx and loss of CA homeostasis Oxidative stress Defect in membrane permeability DNA/protein damage ```
31
What can cause hypoxia/anoxia?
Inadequate oxygenation of blood Reduced transport of O2 in blood Reduction of blood supply Blockage of respiratory enzymes
32
A partial reduction in O2 delivery to a tissue
Hypoxia
33
No O2 delivery to a tissue
Anoxia
34
What infectious agent can cause cell injury??
``` Virus Bacteria Fungus Protozoa Metazoan parasites ```
35
How can immune dysfunction cause cell injury
Congenital defect-eg SCID Acquired defect - viral/chemical/drugs Autoimmune disease Hypersensitivity reactions
36
What is the fundamental cause of necrotic cell death??
Deletion of ATP
37
ATP is produced by what 2 primary metabolic pathways? What common substrate do they have?
1. Aerobic (TCA) 2. Anaerobic (Glycolysis) Glucose
38
ATP depletion can be associated with what two types of injury?
Hyopxic | Toxic
39
What are consequences to the cell when ATP is depleted?
Na/K ATPase failure -> cell swelling/ ER swelling/ PM damage Altered cell metabolism -> anaerobic glycolysis -> lactic acid -> increased pH -> loss of enzyme function Ribosome detachment-> decreased protein synthesis
40
What are the three major consequences of mitochondrial damage?
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore Reactive oxygen species Apoptotic pathways
41
What is the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and when opened, what occurs??
High-conductance channel in the mitochondrial membrane => loss of membrane potential -> failure of oxidative phosphorylation -> more ATP loss
42
What are the sources of calcium?
Extrinsic Intrinsic -> SER or mitochondria
43
What can cause accumulation of Ca2+
Extracellular Ca increase -> into cell (infectious agent) | Intracellular Ca release -> opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and release fro ER
44
Accumulation of Ca2+ leads to activation of what enzymes?
Phospholipases - membrane damage Proteases Endonucleases - DNA fragmentation ATPases -breakdown ATP
45
Accumulation of Ca2+ leads to what 3 major forms of damage
Membrane damage Nuclear damage ATP depletion
46
Reactive oxygen species are normally produced by?
Mitochondrial respiration
47
How do ROS initiate autocatalytic reactions?
Have and unstable electron configuration Interacts with adjacent molecules: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
48
Oxidative stress leads to what pathological processes?
Cell injury Cancer Aging Degenerative disease
49
What is the major producer of ROS in inflammatory reaction?
Activated leukocytes (neutrophil and macrophages) -> destroy microbes and clean up dead cells
50
What causes the formation of reactive oxygen species?
Inflammation -activated WBC Transition metals -donate or accept free electrons Nitric oxide -chemical mediator/ generated endothelial cells /macrophages / neurons (free radical)
51
How are free radicals removed?
Spontaneous decay Antioxidants- block initiation or inactivate Storage and transport proteins - transferrin, ferritin, ceruloplasmin Enzymes- catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase
52
What are the pathologic effects of free radicals ?
Lipid peroxidation in membranes -> extensive membrane damage Oxidative modification of proteins -> damage active sites, change confirmation, and enhance degradation Lesions in DNA-> Cell aging, malignant transformation
53
How does lipid peroxidation damage the membrane?
- forms peroxidases->autocatalytic rxn (propagation) - ->decreased phospholipid synthesis - ->increased phospholipid breakdown - -> cytoskeletal abnormalities - activation of proteases-> damaged cytoskeleton - cells stretch and rupture
54
What is the mode of action of oxidative modification of proteins ?
Oxidation of aa side chains, and formation of protein cross-linkages , or oxidation of protein backbone - mitochondrial membrane damage - plasma membrane damage - injury to lysosomal membrane
55
What is the mode of action of DNA lesions for ROS
Single stranded or double stranded breaks, cross-linking of DNA strands, formation of adducts
56
How can the plasma membrane be damaged?
Reactive oxygen species Decreased phospholipid synthesis Increased phospholipid breakdown Cytoskeletal abnormalities
57
What are the consequences of membrane damage?
Mitochondrial membrane damage-> open the MPTP -> decreased ATP Plasma membrane damage -> loss of osmotic balance and loss of cell contents Injury to lysosome -> leakage to enzymes -> digestion of RNA/DNA/protein
58
What are the types of protein damage?
Accumulation of misfolded proteins Cells have repair mechanisms for misfolded proteins When overwhelmed-> proteins accumulated in the ER
59
How is DNA damaged?
Radiation, cytotoxic anti cancer drugs, hypoxia Cells have repair mechanisms When overwhelmed-> initiates apoptosis

RUSVM Pathology I (17 decks)

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