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RUSVM Pathology I > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Define inflammation

A

Reaction of vascularized living tissue to injury

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2
Q

Characteristics of inflammation

A

Changes in vascular bed, blood, CT

Intended to eliminate irritant and repair damaged tissue

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3
Q

Signs of inflammation

A 
Redness
Heat 
Swelling 
Pain 
Loss of function
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4
Q

What are the roles of inflammation

A

Dilute, contain and isolate injury

Destroy invading microorganisms and/or inactivate toxins

Healing and repair

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5
Q

What are the three main outcomes of inflammation

A

Ideal conditions-> return to normal

Intense inflammatory response-> separate injured tissue

Failure-> sequel

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6
Q

What must occur for the outcome of inflammation to return to normal

A

Elimination of source of injury
Resolve inflammatory process
Restore normal issue architecture and physiological functions

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7
Q

What occurs if the outcome of inflammation is an intense inflammatory response?

A

Attempt to isolate inflammatory process and formation of a wall, like a capsule (e.g. abscess)

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8
Q

If inflammation fails what is the outcome of the inflammatory process?

A

Persistence of inflammatory cells

Scar formation

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9
Q

T/F: inflammation can occur in non-living tissue

A

F

Only in living tissue

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10
Q

T/F: inflammation can be more harmful than the initiating stimulus

A

T

Eg anaphylactic shock
Over-reaction

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11
Q

T/F: inflammation is unpredicatable due to the variety of initiating stimulus

A

F

Inflammation is fairly predictable irrespective of the initiating stimulus

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12
Q

T/F: inflammation is a highly redundant process with many promoters and regulators

A

T

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13
Q

T/F: inflammation occurs only in vascularized tissues

A

T

Critically tied to the blood (plasma, cells, vessels, cellular and extracellular component of CT)

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14
Q

The escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from he vascular system into the intersitum or body cavities

A

Exudaiton

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15
Q

Exudation implies what about blood vessels?

A

Alteration of normal permeability

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16
Q

A extravasular fluid that has: high protein concentration, cellular debris, and high specific gravity (>1.02)

A

Exudate

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17
Q

A fluid with low protein content and low specific gravity (<1.02)

A

Transudate

Results from hydrostatic imbalances across the vascular endothelium

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18
Q

The fluid in a hydrothorax is __________

A

Transudate

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19
Q

The fluid in a pyothorax is ___________

A

Exudate

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20
Q

__________ is excess fluid in the interstitial tissue or serous cavities, it can be an exudate or transudate

A

Edema

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21
Q

_________ is an inflammatory exudate rich in leuckocytes (primarily neutorphils) and parchymal cell debris

A

Pus

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22
Q

How is inflammation classified?

A 
Extent (min->severe)
Duration (periacute->chronic) 
Distribution (focal -> diffuse)
Exudate 
Anatomical modifiers 
Organ
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23
Q

What are the main characteristics of a peracute inflammation

A

Usually from a potent stimulus
No time to response

Time 0-4hrs
Vascular: 
-hyperemia 
-slight edema 
-hemorrhage 
Inflammatory cells:
-few leukocytes 
Clinical signs: 
-shock, sudden death
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24
Q

Infectious canine hepatitis is an example of ______________ inflammation

A

Peracute

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25
What are characteristics of acute inflammation
TIME: 4-6hrs Vascular: - active hyperemia - edema - occasional fibrin thrombi within vessels Inflammatory cells: - leukocytes infiltration is variable - neutrophils are predominant Clinical signs -classical inflammation (heat, red, swelling, pain, loss of function)
26
Reactive inflammation of lymph nodes
Lymphadenitis -occurs in acute, subacute, and chronic inflammation
27
Inflammation of lymphatic vessels
Lymphangitis
28
What is subacute inflammation
Gradual change between acute and chronic Inflammatory response DOES NOT include reparative response such as fibroplasia and angiogenesis
29
What are the characteristics of subacute inflammation
TIME: larger time span Vascular: - decline in magnitude of vascular changes - compared to acute inflammation Inflammatory cells: - mixed or pleocellular inflammatory infiltrate - primarily neutrophilic - lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells
30
What are not features of subacute inflammation
Fibrosis and neovascularization
31
When can chronic inflammation arise and what is evidence of it in tissue
Persistent stimulus -host has failed to eliminate causative agent Evidence of host tissue response - scar formation-> fibrosis - parenchyma regeneration
32
What are characteristics of chronic inflammation
TIME: variable Vascular involvement: proliferation of capillaries and small blood vessesl --> hemorrhage and congestion Inflammatory cells: -mononuclear-> lymphocytes/macrophage/plasma cells/fibroblasts Clinical signs: prolonged duration of inflammatory lesions Sometimes lymphatic involvement
33
Single or abnormality or inflamed area in tissue
Focal inflammation Usually 1mm to several cm
34
Arising from or pertaining to many foci
Multifocal
35
Distribution that involves considerable zone of tissue within a inflamed organ
Locally extensive
36
What are the possible origins of locally extensive distribution
Severe local reactions that spread into adjacent normal tissue Coalescence of foci in a multifocal reaction
37
What type of distribution involves the entire tissue
Diffuse
38
Diffuse lesions are often due to _________ or ___________ in etiology
Viral or toxic
39
Type of exudation consisting of or containing pus
Suppurative | OR purulent
40
Liquid inflammation composed of accumulated dead cells,leukocytes, and fluid from inflammatory edema-forming process
Pus
41
The process by which pus is formed
Suppuration | -implies neutrophils and proteolytic enzymes are present, and necrosis of the host cells has occurred.
42
Collection of pus walled of in a fiberous capsule
Abscess
43
Severe injury to endothelium and basement membranes results in ____________ exudation
Fibrous
44
Yellow-white or pale stringy/shaggy meshwork which gives a rough irregular appearance to the tissue surfaces.
Fibrinous inflammation
45
Inflammatory process where neutrophils and fibrin are abundant
Fibrinopurulent exudate
46
What is the difference between fibrinous exudate and fibrosis
Fibrinous exudate- acute Fibrosis - chronic Different stages of the same process: transformation of fibrinous exudate (acute) into well vascularized CT fibrosis (chronic) Fibrin on tissue surface is easily broken Provides support for eventual i growth of fibroblasts and neocapillaries Removed by fibrinolysis or by phagocytosis
47
Inflammatory process in which the exudate occurs in tissues int he absence of prominent cellular response
Serous exudation
48
What are the contents of serous exudate
Rich in protein | Derived from blood and locally injured cells
49
Yellow, straw-like colour fluid
Serous exudate
50
What will follow the rupture of a vesicle filled with serous exudate
Ulceration
51
What type of inflammation is always chronic and has lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells
Granulomatous inflammation
52
What are the most abundant cells in granulomatous inflammation
Macrophages Epitheliod and multinucleated giant cells
53
What is usually the etiology of granulomatous infection
Non-digestible organism or particle which serves as a chronic inflammatory stimulus Mycobacterium, Actinomycetes, Blastomyces, Coccidiodies Mineral roil, compels polysaccharides, or foreign bodies
54
Necrotizing inflammation
Necrosis is main feature with minimal exudation Process is interpreted as inflammatory rather than purely ischemic
55
Hemorrhagic inflammation
Hemorrhage is the main feature Etiologic agent will indicate that the process is inflammatory rather than a circulatory disturbance
56
Segmental inflammation
Usually to describe intestinal Only a segment is affected
57
Catarrhal inflammation
Aka mucopurulent | Exudate is composed of mucus and pus
58
What are the polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Mast cell
59
What are the mononuclear inflammatory cells
Lymphocytes Plasma cells Monocytes and macrophages Platelets
60
Cells with a multilobed nucelus containing abundant cytoplasmic granules
Neutrophils
61
What are the two types of granules of neutrophils
Azurophil (primary) -dense Specific (secondary)
62
What are characteristics of neutrophils
Highly motile -amoebic movement Chemotatic reponse Phagocytic and bactericidal activities
63
What are the functions of neutrophils
Phagocytosis and secretion of pro-inflammatory substances Mediate tissue injury (free radicals and lysosome enzymes) and regulate inflammatory response (chemical mediators) Kill microorganisms by - free radicals - hydrogen peroxide - lysosome enzymes
64
Eosinophils are common in what response?
Allergic | Parasite
65
Bright eosinophilic granules, segmented nucelus
Eosinophils
66
What are the granules of eosinophilic cells
``` Small Primary Large secondary -major basic protein -eosinophilic cationic protein -eosinophil derived neurotoxin -eosinophil peroxidase ```
67
_____________ is strongly toxic to parasites and cells and can cause histamine release from mast cells and basophils
Major basic protein
68
_____________ contributes to parasite killing and shortens coagulation time
Eosinophilic cationic protein
69
What are ways eosinophils are effective in killing helminth parasites
Antibody-depended cell-mediated cytoxicity Adherence and degranulation on helminth -> major basic protein and esopinophilic cationic protein
70
What cells mediate the antibody response and the delayed cellular hypersensitivity response??
Lymphocytes and plasma cells
71
Cells with dense staining nucleus and very little cytoplasm
Lymphocytes
72
What are the functions of macrophages
Phagocytosis Modulate inflammation and repair Regulate immune response Produce IL1
73
Cells with a prominent, central nucleus which may be folded or bean-shaped Azurophilic granules
Machrophage
74
Activation of macrophages results in what cellular changes?
Increase cell size Increase lysosomal enzymes Increase metabolism Increase ability to phagocytose

RUSVM Pathology I (17 decks)

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