Developmental abnormalities

Question 1

_______________ are defects of growth or development of a tissue or organ that are present, but not necessarily obvious, at birth

Answer 1

Congenital defects

Question 2

T/F; congenital defects always genetic or inherited

Answer 2

False

Question 3

What are the types of anatomical malformations?

Answer 3

Failure to fuse
Failure to Canalize/separate
Cyst
Failure of structure development 
Abnormal structure development 
Ectopic development

Question 4

What are the biochemical defects?

Answer 4

Inability to synthesize enzyme/protein

Usually due to genetic defect, and usually not a gross malformation

Question 5

What can the the etiology of a developmental anomalies

Answer 5

Genetic/ inherited defect 
Infectious agent (usually virus) 
Nutrition 
Physical agent
Unknown

Question 6

The outcome of a developmental anomaly is due to what two main factors

Answer 6

Timing

Tissue injured

Question 7

Injury to a zygote usually has what effect on an embryo/fetus?

Answer 7

Death and reabsroption

Question 8

Injury to an embryo usually has what outcome

Answer 8

Developmental anomaly carried to term

Death of embryo and abortion

Question 9

Injury to fetus will usually have what outcome?

Answer 9

Illness/death of fetus

• > abortion
• > mummification
• > stillbirth
• > weak neonates
• > persistent viremia and immunotolerance

Question 10

What do you call splitting of the hard palate (often seen in puppies))

Answer 10

Palatoschisis

Question 11

What do you call splitting of the lip

Answer 11

Cheiloschisis

Question 12

Can palatoschisis and cheiloschisis be a problem? Why?

Answer 12

Yes
Respiratory infections (chronic rhinitis).
Aspiration pneumonia

Question 13

A cat given griseofluvin during pregnancy can result in what developmental defect? What do you call this chemical?

Answer 13

Palatoschisis

Chemical teratogen

Question 14

What do you call an animal with an extra digit? Should this animal breed?

Answer 14

Polydactyl

No-genetic

Question 15

What is pectus excavatum?

Answer 15

Congenital abnormality of thoracic skeleton where the caudal sternebrane deviate dorsally
->lateral flaring of rib cage

Question 16

What breed of cat are associated with pecks excavatum?

Answer 16

Persian

Question 17

In a cat you see cerebellar hypoplasia. This developmental anomaly is likely due to ?

Answer 17

Feline panleukopenia virus (parvovirus)

Question 18

What might be the genetic etiology of developmental anomalies?

Answer 18

Inherited genes
Spontaneous mutation
Chromosomal anomalies
Breed predispositions

Question 19

What are developmental anomalies of Persian cats?

Answer 19

Polycystic kidney disorder 
Cardiomyopathy 
Cataracts
Cleft palates and cleft lip 
Mega-esophagus 
Portosystemic shunt (liver) 
PDA
Entropion 
Amyloidosis 
Mucopolysaccharidosis

Question 20

In a kidney, you see cysts. What disease is this and what breed of cat is susceptible ?

Answer 20

Polycystic kidney disease

Persian

Question 21

Manx cats have a high percent of cats with what genetic defect

Answer 21

Spinal defects -> high mortality

Question 22

A dog with pancreatic aplasia or hypoplasia. What is the disease name and what type of anatomical defect is it?

Answer 22

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

Failure to develop

Question 23

German Sheppard’s often have _______________ disease that causes pancreatic hypoplasia

Answer 23

Acute necrotizing pancreatitis

Question 24

A malformation of the coxofemoral joint is called ___________ and is due to what type of anatomical defect?

Answer 24

Hip dysplasia

Abnormal development of a structure

Question 25

``` Give the MDX for a dog who's radiographs show... Flat heads of both femurs Flat acetabular rims Both luxated Early osteopaths ```

Answer 25

Coxofemoral malformation Hip dysplasia

Question 26

You see many cows aborting late term fetuses. The fetuses have limbs that are fixed in place. What is this?

Answer 26

Arthrogryposis Injury of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular tissues

Question 27

What is the pathogenesis of arthrogyposis?

Answer 27

Damage to muscular/neurological tissue -> limbs do not move during development -> connective tissue matures -> limbs fixed

Question 28

What is the etiology of arthogryposis?

Answer 28

Akabane (Bunyaviruius)

Question 29

Calves infected with bunyavirus at 10-180days will have what outcome?

Answer 29

Nerves affected -> severe nonsupperative myelitis -> arthogryposis

Question 30

Calves infected by bunyavirus between 80-100days will have what outcome?

Answer 30

Hydranencephaly and limbs that are fixed in place

Question 31

In a lamb you see and ear lacking an ear canal. What is the MDx and what type of ant atomically defect is is?

Answer 31

Atresia ani Failure to canalize Can be fixed surgically

Question 32

What is synophthalmia? What can it be caused by?

Answer 32

Fusion of the two eye orbits causing one eye (cyclops) Veratrum californium at day 14 of gestation Cyclopamine toxin from plant

Question 33

What is schistosomes reflexus? What type of anatomical defect is it?

Answer 33

``` Animal is born inside out Stern also cleft Dorsal reflection of ribs Eventration of viscera Non-union of pelvic symphysis ``` Failure to fuse No agent causes this but the cow will not be able to give birth to this animals -> requires and C section

Question 34

What is prognathia ?

Answer 34

Positioning of the maxilla or mandible forward of a normal position (over or underbite)

Question 35

Polydactyl is what type of anatomical defect?

Answer 35

Abnormal development of a structure

Question 36

What do you call the condition where the heart is found cranial within the neck?

Answer 36

Ectopic cordia | Ectopic development

Question 37

What do you call additional limbs?

Answer 37

Polymelia

Question 38

What is wry nose?

Answer 38

Maxillofacial deformity of equine

Question 39

What is lethal white syndrome?

Answer 39

Inherited genetic defect in foals Causes colonic hypoplasia - cells of neuronal crest have poor formation of myenteric plexus Albinism- no melanocytes

Question 40

What is lysosomal storage disease?

Answer 40

Genetic deficiency of particular lysosomal enzymes -> vacuoles with accumulated substrate Affects neurons, skeletal, and cardiac muscle (low replication)

Question 41

What do you call the disease where an animal is lacking enzymes that process surgars?

Answer 41

Biochemical defect | Mannosidosis (defect of mannosidase)