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RUSVM Pathology I > Introduction, Necropsy, PM, Descriptions > Flashcards

Introduction, Necropsy, PM, Descriptions Flashcards

1
Q

What is disease ?

A

Any deviation from the normal structure or function

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2
Q

What is etiology

A

Cause of a disease

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3
Q

____________ is the sequence of events from initial stimulus to ultimate expression of disease

A

Pathogenesis

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4
Q

What are the 5 pathological processes?

A 
Degeneration/necrosis 
Inflammation and repair 
Circulatory disorders 
Disorders of growth 
Deposits and pigmentation
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5
Q

A concise statement or conclusion concerning the nature, cause, or name of a disease

A

Diagnosis

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6
Q

What is a lesion?

A

Any morphological change in tissues during disease

Alteration in color, shape, size, texture
Micro- or Macro- scopic

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7
Q

What is the difference between morphologic diagnosis and etiologic diagnosis?

A

Morphological has pathological process, location, and distribution

Etiologic has CAUSE

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8
Q

What is a pathognomomic lesion

A

Lesion that is characteristic of a specific disease

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9
Q

What areas should be avoided during a post mortem?

A

Area accessible to animals
Food containing areas
High traffic area
Areas that are difficult to disinfect

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10
Q

What are disposal options following a PM?

A 
Burial 
Renderer
Transport to a disposal site 
Incineration 
Composting
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11
Q

What area is ideal for a PM exam??

A

Concrete (easy to clean)
Sun exposure
Straw bed

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12
Q

What biosafety level should you operate at in a standard PM exam

A

BSL 2
Associated with human disease

Limited access, sharps and biosafety precautions
PPE: lab coat, gloves, face protection (as needed)

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13
Q

What are the steps of a PM exam

A 
External exam 
Open body cavities
Collect microbiological samples 
Remove and dissect organs 
Collect histological organs
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14
Q

How should microbiological samples collected?

A

Aseptic technique
Intensities last
Generous samples

Fresh samples and clean containers
Keeps samples cold

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15
Q

How should histological samples be collected from a PM exam?

A

All organs- especially those with lesions
Label tissues
Direct samples toward most likely cause
Tox- urine, stomach, fat, and liver

10:1 ratio formalin:tissue
No larger than 1cm thickness- formalin will not penetrate greater than a 1/2 cm tissue
Capsule organs to be incised

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16
Q

PM decomposition is due to what two processes

A

Autolysis

Putrefaction

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17
Q

What is autolysis

A

Self-digestion/degradation of cells and tissues by the hydrolytic enzymes normally present in tissues

After somatic death due to total diffuse hypoxia

Cell degeneration

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18
Q

What is putrefaction

A

Post mortem bacteria break down tissue

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19
Q

What types of tissues autolyze the quickest and why?

A

GI tract
Pancreas
Gall bladder

High concentration of proteolytic enzymes

20
Q

Rate of decomposition is dependent on?

A

Cause of death
Environmental and body temp
Microbial flora

21
Q

The presence of ___________ is most likely to be microscopically obscured by decomposition

A

Cell injury (necrosis)

22
Q

Contraction of the muscles after death

A

Rigor mortis

Due to depletion of ATP and inability to detach from actin binding site.

23
Q

What factors can accelerate onset of rigor mortis?

A

High heat or activity before death

24
Q

What is liver mortis?

A

Hypostatic congestion

Gravity will pull blood post death
Variation in color of tissues: skin, lungs, and kidney

25
Is this antemortem or postmortem clot? Attached to vessel walls Dry and dull Lamellated Friable
Antemortem | Thrombus
26
Is this antemortem or postmortem clot? Unattached Shiny and wet Elastic
Postmortem clot
27
Red staining of tissue especially the intima of heart, arteries and veins
Hemoglobin imbibition Hb is released by lysed RBC and penetrates the vessel wall into adjacent tissues
28
Yellowish to greenish brown staining of liver/intestines/diaphragm?
Bile imbibition Bile from gallbladder stains adjacent tissues
29
Postmortem bacterial gas formation in lumen of GI tract
Bloat
30
What are associated changes with bloat?
Rectal/vaginal prolapse Froth in trachea Ruptured viscera
31
What common PM changes occur in the eye?
Corneal opacity due to dehydration of cornea | "Cold cataracts"
32
What is pesudomelanosis?
Greenish-black discoloration of tissues post mortem Decomposition of blood by bacteria forming hydrogen sulfide with iron Seen in tissues associated with the gut
33
How do you differentiate antemortem vs postmortem ingesta in the trachea
Antemortem aspiration: inflammation and deep in lungs Postmortem: due to relaxation of sphincter after death
34
A red-brown fluid coming from the nose during PM exam could be due to?
Capillaries in nose autolyse quickly with congestion
35
What PM changes could lead to pulmonary edema and congestion? How do you determine antemortem disease?
PM: heart stops and blood pools in the lungs Rigor mortis redistributes blood centrally Antemortem: respiratory problems prior to death
36
What is the difference between a description and a MDx?
Description: what you see, not subjective, no interpretation MDx: interpretation of the description making subjective conclusions
37
What are the features of a good description ?
``` Number Size Location Shape Color Consistency Margins/Surface ``` No SLO DiSCo CoMas
38
What is the appropriate way to measure size in a description ?
Actual measurement in metric units
39
What should you include in the when describing the location of a lesion ?
Organ Location within that organ Position relative to other organs
40
What should be included in the description of the distribution of the lesion?
``` Pattern and extent of the lesion Eg focal/multifocal Diffuse/locally extensive Symmetrical/asymmetrical ``` Present of total tissue effected Route of spread
41
How should shape be described in a description of a lesion
Geometric shapes/straight line Raised/depressed Do not use regular irregular -> what does that even mean?
42
A well demarcated lesion margin can represent what types of lesions?
Tumors Infarcts Chronic lesions with fibrous capsules
43
What does a poorly demarcated lesion margin usually represent?
Lesion and adjacent tissues may be similar | Process gradually infiltrating to normal tissue -> poorly contained
44
What are the features of a MDx?
``` Organ Pathological process Distribution Chronicity Severity ```
45
What are the features of an Etiological diagnosis?
Cause Organ Pathological process

RUSVM Pathology I (17 decks)

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