Pigments And Tissue Deposits

Question 1

What are the hematogenous pigments?

Answer 1

Hemoglobin
Hemosiderin
Bilirubin
Porphyrin

Question 2

What pigments are responsible for the colours of a bruise

Answer 2

Hemoglobin
Bilirubin
Hemosiderin
Biliverdin

Question 3

What pigment is yellow in colour

Answer 3

Bilirubin

Question 4

Hemoglobin is broken down into what molecules

Answer 4

Fe -> hemosiderin
Heme -> bilirubin
Globin -> amino acids

Question 5

Unconjugated bilirubin is carried by __________ to the liver

Answer 5

Albumin

Question 6

What enzyme conjugates bilirubin in the liver to make it soluble for secretion?

Answer 6

Diglucuronide

Question 7

Too much bilirubin in the blood is AKA as _________

Answer 7

Hyperbilirubinemia

Question 8

When bilirubinis&raquo_space; 2mg/dl you get __________

Answer 8

Jaundice/icterus

Question 9

What are the three ways that you can have hyperbilirubemia ?

Answer 9

Prehepatic (hemolytic
Hepatic (hepatocellular)
Posthepatic (obstructive)

Question 10

What is prehepatic hyperbilirubinemia?

Answer 10

Bilirubin production exceeds hepatocellular uptake

Hemolysis (intravasular or extravascular)

Question 11

What is hepatic hyperbilirubinemia?

Answer 11

Hepatocellular dysfunction

• decreased bilirubin uptake
• decreased conjugation
• decreased secretion on bile

Cause: hepatic insufficiency, hepatitis, hetaptocellular degeneration

Question 12

What is extravascular hemolysis ?

Answer 12

RBC in tissue are lysed.

Hemoglobin is not free in blood (in spleen> splenomegaly)

Question 13

What is intravascular hemolysis?

Answer 13

RBC are lysed in vessels-> Hemoglobin remains in the blood-> filtered by kidney

Question 14

What is hemoglobinuria?

Answer 14

Hemoglobin in urine

Question 15

How does hemoglobin appear in urine and in serum?

Answer 15

Urine - red-brown coloration (blood in urine can look similar but blood will settle, hemoglobin does not)

Serum - pink

Question 16

What are the etiologic of hemolysis?

Answer 16

Oxidative damage 
Immune-mediated (common in dog) 
Infectious
Direct membrane damage 
Erythrocytes metabolic deficiency

Question 17

An animal that is anemic, has a swollen spleen, and is jaundiced has what type of hemoglobinemia?

Answer 17

Prehepatic

-> anemia -> hemolysis

Question 18

What is hemosiderin ?

Answer 18

Iron stored intracellularly as ferritin

Grossly -brown colour
Microscopically - dark yellow to brown (stain with Prussian blue-> black)

Question 19

What stain can you use to visualize hemosiderin?

Answer 19

Prussian blue/perls

Question 20

Hemosiderin accumulation can be due to what local changes?

Answer 20

Chronic congestion

Hemorrhage

Question 21

Hemosiderin accumulation can be due to what widespread changes

Answer 21

Hemolysis

Inherited disorders of Fe storage

Question 22

What is erythropoietic porphyria?

Answer 22

Developmental anomaly of calves, cats, and pigs

Deficiency of prophyrinogen III -> defect in heme synthesis -> porphyrins

Question 23

What is the gross appearance of erythropoietic porphyria?

Answer 23

Pink-red discoloration of bones and teeth

Fluorescent with UV light

Question 24

What is the gross and histologically appearance of melanin?

Answer 24

Gross: Black/brown tissue colour

Histo: fine brow/black cytoplasmic granules

Question 25

What enzyme is required for melanin synthesis

Answer 25

Tyronsinase

Question 26

Dog with caudal area of alopecia, thickened skin, and darker in colour

Answer 26

Cutaneous hyperpigmentation | -> Flea allergy dermatitis (chronic inflammation)

Question 27

What is derived from the breakdown of lipids and is an undegradable remnant of breakdown of organelles?

Answer 27

Lipofuscin

Question 28

What are the exogenous pigments??

Answer 28

Carotenoids (vitamin A accumulation)-> red-orange Carbon deposits -> black granular Hematin -> black (parasitic) Anticoagulant rodenticides -> blue Tetracylines ->yellow discoloration of teeth

Question 29

What tissue deposit is white gritty granules/plaques, grossly.

Answer 29

Calcification

Question 30

What are the two types of calcification?

Answer 30

Dystrophic | Metastatic

Question 31

What is dystrophic calcification?

Answer 31

Local disposition of calcium in areas of injury Necrotic fat-calcium interact with fatty acid, producing insoluble calcium soaps (saponification) Granuloma and dead parasites

Question 32

What is metastatic calcification?

Answer 32

Widespread deposition of calcium in otherwise normal tissues Caused by : Hypercalcemia

Question 33

What are the predilection sites for metastatic calcification?

Answer 33

``` Vascular intima/adventitia Gastric mucosa Renal tubular epithelium Pulmonary intersitium Basement membranes ```

Question 34

_____________ hormone reduces calcium

Answer 34

Calcitonin

Question 35

____________ and ______________ increase calcium levels

Answer 35

Parathyroid hormone and vitamin D

Question 36

What are the causes of hypercalcemia ?

Answer 36

Excess PTH | Excess vitamin D

Question 37

What is calcinosis cutis? What is it caused by?

Answer 37

Widespread mineralization of the dermal collagen and epidermal basement membranes Hyperadernocorticism Long term corticosteroid treatment

Question 38

What is amyloid?

Answer 38

Fibrils of stacked B-pleated sheets

Question 39

Deposits and accumulation of amyloid in extracellular spaces causes _____________ of adjacent tissues

Answer 39

Compression and atrophy

Question 40

Organs that are enlarged with waxy appearance and stains blue violet with treated with iodine + sulfuric acid

Answer 40

Amyloidosis

Question 41

Histologically, what do you stain with to visulise amyloid ?

Answer 41

Congo red ->bring pink with green birefringence (polarized light)

Question 42

Histologically, how does amyloid appear?

Answer 42

Homogenous eosinophilic extracellular material (hyaline)

Question 43

What are the types of amyloid?

Answer 43

Amyloid light chain (immunoglobulin) Amyloid A Endocrine amyloid AB amyloid Will look the same no mature what it is made of

Question 44

What is the pathogenesis of reactive systemic amyloidosis?

Answer 44

Chronic inflammation -> liver produces SAA in response to IL4 and IL6 -> spontaneous conversion of SAA to AA-> amyloid fibrils

Question 45

What is the most common form of amyloidosis in animals and can be hereditary, affects kidney, spleen, liver, and lymph nodes.

Answer 45

Reactive systemic amyloidosis

Question 46

Accumulation of uric acid in tissues causes?

Answer 46

Gout

Question 47

Who produces uric acid as an excretion produce

Answer 47

Birds and reptile Have no urinate (in mammals this enzyme helps in the process of uric acid to urea)

Question 48

What is the end excretion product in mammals?

Answer 48

Urea

Question 49

In the liver, myocardium, pleura, and spleen you see chalky white foci on the surface. What deposit is this?

Answer 49

Uric acid

Question 50

How does uric acid appear histologically?

Answer 50

Clear spaces (crystals dissolve in processing) Tophi- granulomatous inflammation surrounding the deposit