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Histology > Cell Ultrastructure and Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

Cell Ultrastructure and Cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

2 major categories of organisms

A

prokaryotes

eukaryotes

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2
Q

prokaryote examples

A

monera, cyanobacteria

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3
Q

eukaryotes examples

A

single-celled protists, protozoa, multicelled metazoans

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4
Q

metazoans

A

multicellular organisms

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5
Q

Is is present or absent in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

nucleus with nuclear envelope

A

prokaryotes: absent
eukaryotes: present

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6
Q

Is is present or absent in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

membrane bound organelles

A

prokaryotes: absent
eukaryotes: present

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7
Q

Is is present or absent in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

histones

A

prokaryotes: absent
eukaryotes: complex with DNA

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8
Q

Is is present or absent in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

DNA

A

prokaryotes: circular
eukaryotes: organized into chromosomes

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9
Q

Is is present or absent in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

flagella

A

prokaryotes: lack axoneme
eukaryotes: axoneme present

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10
Q

Is is present or absent in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

cell wall

A

prokaryotes: unique
eukaryotes: absent in animals, present in plants and fungi

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11
Q

protoplasm

A

~70-85% water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, carbs

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12
Q

chromatin

A

DNA complexed with nucleoproteins

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13
Q

chromatin is packaged into

A

chromosomes

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14
Q

individual chromosomes contain

A

genes

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15
Q

genes

A

segments of DNA coding for particular traits

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16
Q

alleles

A

different forms of the same gene

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17
Q

inmost eukaryotic cells, chromosomes exist as

A

homologous pairs

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18
Q

diploid in humans

A

2n=46

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19
Q

haploid

A

n=23

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20
Q

karyotyping

A

sorting of chromosome pairs according to size and shape

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21
Q

heterochromatin

A

e- dense, darkly staining, inactive DNA and nucleoproteins

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22
Q

Barr body

A

permanently inactive DNA found in females

represents degenerates X chromosomes, only 1 of pair active, other degenerates

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23
Q

euchromatin

A

dispersed DNA active in transcription (RNA synthesis)

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24
Q

cells active in translation will have prominent

A

nucleolus and abundant euchromatin

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25
why do we have RNA?
DNA is trapped in the nucleus and the machinery is in the cytoplasm. the DNA cannot exit the nucleus, however the RNA can
26
most chromatin in the nucleus is
inactive heterochromatin | only a small % active at any one time is euchromatin
27
lamp brush chromatin
active portions of chromosomes unravel to become visible
28
histones assist with
DNA folding chromatin organization into chromosomes
29
nucleosomes
segments of DNA wrapped around several histones | regulate DNA activity
30
non histones
additional category of nucleoproteins; may also be involved in regulation of gene activity
31
nuclear envelope separates
nucleoplasm from cytoplasm
32
two layers of the nuclear envelope
inner and outer nuclear membrane separated by perinuclear cisterna
33
nuclear lamina
inner nuclear membrane associated with network of lamin filaments
34
outer membrane is studded with ribosomes
continuous with eER
35
inner and outer nuclear membranes are connected by a
nuclear pore complex
36
nucleoproteins
ring of proteins which surrounds the nuclear pore complex
37
nuclear envelope regulates the exchange of
macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm
38
ribosomes are bipartite, meaning
two subunits 40s and 60s =80
39
ribosomes contain
protein | rRNA
40
ribosomes are synthesized and assembled in the
nucleolus
41
ribosomes are found
free in the cytoplasm and attached to rER and outer nuclear membrane
42
polyribosomes/polysomes
aggregates of ribosomes and mRNA, frequently attach to ER
43
if ribosomes attach to ER, it becomes
rER
44
ribosomes are the site of
protein synthesis (translation)
45
mitochondria produce energy (ATP) via (2)
krebs cycle | oxidative phosphorylation
46
mitochondria vary greatly in
size, shape, and number within the cell
47
oblong to oval, move
freely within the cytosol
48
mitochondria are present in all cells, except (2)
rbc keratinocytes (limits their life span because they dont have an energy source)
49
mitochondria membranes
inner and outer
50
microchondrial inner membrane is
pleated to form folds, known as cristae
51
cristae are lined with
elementary particles that contain enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation
52
mitochondrial outer membrane is
permeable, containing pore-forming protein, porin
53
inner cavity of the mitochondria is filled with
amorphous matrix material
54
matrix also contains
dense grandules
55
dense granules are thought to be
binding/storage sites for Ca
56
mitochondrial DNA is
circular
57
mitochondria replication
self replicating | reproduce by binary fission, similar to bacterial division
58
mitochondrial ribosomes are similar to
bacterial ribosomes
59
mitochondria are inherited
maternally
60
mitochondria are similar to
prokaryotes
61
cells depend on energy derived from
cellular respiration
62
energy released from chemical breakdown of organic molecules from diet (proteins, carbs, fat)are stored in the form of
ATP
63
cell respiration begins in the cytosol where glucose is
converted to pyruvic acid
64
pyruvic acid then diffuses into the
mitochondria
65
mitochondria is the site of
aerobic respiration
66
mitochondria matrix contains enzymes of the
krebs cycle | pyruvate=co2+h2o+ATP
67
the most ATP is produced during
oxidative phosphorylation by cytochromes of the ETC
68
cytochromes
enzymes on the inner membrane of cristae
69
krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation within the krebs cycle both require
o2 | aerobic respiration
70
rER has surface receptor molecules for
ribosomal attachment
71
rER specializes in
protein synthesis
72
sER function in (5)
``` lipid synthesis transport of proteins from rER to golgi membrane formation recycling synthesis of cholesterol and steroid hormones ```
73
sER is the principle organelle involved in
detoxification and conjugation of drugs and toxins
74
coated vesicles
surround and coat proteins for transport, bud off sER, transport proteins between sER and golgi and between golgi and cell
75
golgi functions in
post-translational modification, packaging, and sorting of proteins synthesized in the rER
76
examples of post-translational modification
sulfation phosphorylation glycosylation
77
convex golgi vs concave golgi
forming face | maturing face
78
convex golgi is where
proteins arrive from rER in coated transfer vesicles | cis
79
concave golgi is where
proteins packaged into clathrin-coated vesicles are secreted | trans
80
glogi curvature is from
vesicles constantly budding off and arriving
81
vesicles bud off maturing face as
condensing vacuoles, sorted into secretory vesicles for extracellular export via exocytosis or as membrane-bound vesicles for internal use, or as secretory granules for long term storage
82
membrane trafficking
during exocytosis and secretion, large amounts of intracellular membrane incorporated into outer cell membrane- recycled by golgi
83
lysosomes
membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes | ex. acid phosphatase
84
1' lysosome
newly formed lysosomes produced by rER and golgi
85
phagolysosome/2' lysosome
when 1' lysosome fuses with phagocytic vesicles
86
hydrolytic breakdown results in the production of
3' lysosome/ residual body
87
3' lysosome may either be
excreted or remain in cells for life
88
lysosomes and apoptosis
lysosomes used to degrade organelles and cells with finite lifespans during apoptosis (autophagy)
89
endosomes
endocytic vesicle with acid pH in lumen
90
endosomes have an acid pH because
proton pumps in the membrane, which pump H+ into the interior, acidifying its contents
91
peroxisomes (microbodies)
membrane bound organelles containing oxidative enzymes (oxidases)
92
peroxisomes resemble
lysosomes
93
peroxisomes contain (2)
catalase | peroxidase
94
peroxisomes use enzymes, free radicals, and hydrogen peroxide to
oxidize toxic metabolites
95
peroxisomes are seen in
kidney and liver cells which digest toxins from the environment
96
non-living components of the cell include (5)
``` neutral fat droplets lipids glycogen secretory granules pigment granules ```
97
viral inclusions can be (2)
intracytoplasmic or intracellular
98
melanin
black, brown, granular pigment; produced by melanocytes, transported to other cells
99
lipofuscin
gold-brown granules; frequently seen in neurons; sometimes called "old age pigment" (accumulates in older cells)
100
mammals have limited pigment bc of
melanin

Histology (32 decks)

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