Respiratory System Part 1 Flashcards by sophie rosen

Embryologically, respiratory tract originates as outgrowth of the

GI tract

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Respiratory system derived from — —

laryngotracheal groove

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Develops along — — — — ~ 4th week of development

ventral midline of posterior pharynx

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Later develops into — —, an outgrowth of —

respiratory diverticulum

esophagus

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Grows into & interacts with surrounding

mesoderm

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1’ functions include (3)

air conduction, filtration, & gas exchange

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2’ functions include (2)

olfaction (sense of smell) in nasal cavity

& phonation (vocalization—speech) from larynx (voicebox)

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Respiration divided into (2)

mechanical respiration & cellular

respiration

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Mechanicalrespiration associated with lungs—functions

gas exchange (O2 & CO2)

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O2 carried to tissues for

cellular respiration (oxidative 
metabolism => ATP, energy)

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Diaphragm

thin, dome-shaped muscle, separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity in mammals

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With inspiration

intercostal Mm contract, raise ribs; simultaneously, diaphragm contracts (lowers) => increases intrathoracic volume => negative pressure in thorax => inspiration

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With expiration

intercostal Mm relax, lower ribs; diaphragm relaxes (raises) => decrease intrathoracic volume => increase intrathoracic pressure => expiration

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Pleural cavities lined by

simple, squamous to cuboidal mesothelium

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mesothelium overlays thin layer of connective tissue containing

elastic fibers

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These two layers collectively referred to as

pleura

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Pleura lining thoracic wall is

parietal pleura

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parietal pleura is continuous with outer surface of lung as

visceral pleura

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Two layers (visceral & parietal) separated by space — — containing — –

pleural space

pleural fluid

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pleural fluid acts as — to

lubricant, decrease friction

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Pleural space normally contains

partial vacuum resulting in

negative

intrathoracic pressure

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pleural space assists with

inspiration

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Breach of pleural space results in

pneumothorax

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positive intrathoracic pressure, difficulty

breathing & collapsed lung

pneumothorax

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Remains unilateral due to

mediastinum

loose connective tissue layer, separating L & R hemithoraces

Air enters upper respiratory | tract at

nostrils

external | nares

what do external nares open into?

vestibule

Vestibule contains ---, help filter & trap particulate matter

hairs

hairs are also known as --- and incorrectly | called

sinus hairs, vibrissae

Vibrissae are

“sinus hairs”, meaning the hair follicle is surrounded by a blood-filled sinus

Vibrissae

Large sensory hairs, aka “whiskers” in dogs, cats, rodents

Air then enters

nasal | cavity

nasal | cavity contains

thin, scroll-shaped bones, nasal turbinates/ conchae

nasal cavity is lined with

moist, pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium | covered by mucus

Nasal cavity also contains

olfactory receptors (bipolar neurons) for sense of smell; synapse with olfactory N (CN I)

Olfactory epithelium also | contains small #’s of

brush | cells

columnar cells with | apical microvilli

Generalized sensory cells of olfactory & respiratory epithelia

brush cells

Air then travels into | 2

paranasal sinuses & nasopharynx(series of interconnected spaces)

Collectively the paranasal sinus and nasopharynx function to (3)

filter, | humidify, & warm inspired air

Nasopharynx connects to | middle ear via

auditory | (Eustacian) tubes

auditory (Eustacian) tubes allows equilibration of

air pressure

Entire upper respiratory tract | lined by

``` pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells (secrete mucus); aka respiratory epithelium ```

respiratory epithelium is supported by underlying

lamina propria of loose | connective tissue

Contains numerous glands, | mostly

sero-mucus

Mucociliary ladder

cilia in respiratory epithelium of trachea & bronchi | synchronously beat in metachronal rhythm

Moves surface mucus towards --- at rate of ~1 cm/min

larynx

Irritation to upper airways (nasal passages) triggers

sneeze | reflex

Irritation to lower airways (trachea & bronchi) triggers

cough | reflex

Lower respiratory tractbegins at

larynx

Digestive tract intersects with respiratory | system where

upper & lower respiratory | tracts meet at larynx

Opening of esophagus directly behind | opening of

trachea

Normally, --- protects trachea during | swallowing

epiglottis

covers opening of larynx

If food enters larynx or trachea, triggers | coughing reflex; may result in

choking

treatment of choking (2)

Heimlich maneuver or emergency | tracheostomy

emergency | tracheostomy

sharp object in jugular/ suprasternal notch

larynx

3 single (thyroid, cricoid & epiglottic) & 3 paired (arytenoid, corniculate & cuneiform) cartilages

the larynx is composed of (2)

hyaline or elastic cartilage

what does the larynx house? (2)

both true & false vocal folds (chords)

where is the larynx located?

below glottis (dorsal opening of larynx)

what is the larynx covered by?

epiglottis

False vocal chords located (2) to true vocal chords

superior & lateral

In addition to ---, vocal folds protect lower respiratory tract from

phonation (speech) | entry of foreign bodies

False vocal chords covered by typical --- --- with associated

respiratory epithelium | sero-mucus glands

most of epiglottis & true vocal chords covered by

stratified, squamous, nonkeratinized epithelium

True vocal chords contain (2)

vocalis M & ligament

Larynx& epiglottis develop from

4th & 6th pharyngeal arches

Larynx is innervated by

branches of vagus(CN X)

Portion derived from 4th arch innervated by

superior laryngeal N

portion derived from 6th arch innervated by

recurrent laryngeal N

Inferior to larynx is

trachea

tracheas lined with

respiratory epithelium with numerous goblet cells & seromucus glands

Trachea supported by C-shaped rings of

hyaline cartilage

C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage face --- to facilitate ---

caudally | swallowing

Caudal opening contains (2)

connective tissue membrane & smooth M, trachealis M

Trachea subdivides into (3)

1’ or mainstem bronchi 2’or lobar bronchi 3’ or segmental bronchi

Bronchi can be identified by presence of (2)

supporting cartilage rings or plates & accompanying layer of smooth M +/-sero-mucusglands

Cartilage provides support for (3)

larynx, trachea, & bronchi

cartilage prevents

collapse during inspiration

Cartilage absent beyond

3’ bronchi

All bronchi lined by

respiratory epithelium with goblet cells & submucosal seromucus glands

Air in upper respiratory tract, trachea, & bronchi not used for

Air in upper respiratory tract, trachea, & bronchi not used for gas exchange called --- --- --- has average volume of ~150 ml

anatomical dead space

bronchioles sequence

``` 3’ or segmental bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs/ alveoli— sites of gas exchange, ~ 200 μm in diameter ```

Bronchioles lack (2)

cartilage & | sero-mucus glands

``` --- --- performs support function instead; several levels ```

smooth | Mm

As bronchioles get smaller, general trend towards thinning of --- with loss of --- ---

epithelium, goblet cells

Terminal bronchioles possess

tall, pseudostratified, ciliated, | columnar epithelium

Respiratory bronchioles possess

simple, cuboidal to columnar, ciliated & non-ciliated epithelium with occasional alveoli

Gas exchange begins at level of

respiratory bronchioles

--- --- contain numerous alveoli lined with simple, | squamous epithelium

Alveolar ducts

In terminal & respiratory bronchioles, goblet cells are replaced by

Clara cells

non-ciliated, dome-shaped, cuboidal to columnar cells

what do the bronchioles produce

lipoproteins, 1’ components of surfactant within airways

what do lipoproteins prevent

sticking together of bronchiole walls

bronchioles also function as

reserve stem cells capable of differentiating into other respiratory cells following damage

--- --- are scattered throughout respiratory tract

Kulchitsky or K cells

Part of diffuse enteroendocrine system—secrete various

GI hormones

Historical remnants of

evolutionary origins from gut

Also small #’s of --- ---

brush cells

generalized sensory cells (columnar, with apical microvilli)