Endocrine Glands Part 2 Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
Small, oval endocrine glands associated with thyroid
A
parathyroid gland
2
Q
parathyroid is usually two pairs in mammals (2),
present on
A
superior & inferior
posterior surface of thyroid gland
3
Q
Parathyroid Gland is embryologically derived from
A
third and fourth branchial (pharyngeal) pouches
4
Q
Parathyroid Gland
secretes (1)
A
PTH (parathyroid hormone, parathormone)
5
Q
PTH regulates
A
serum Ca and P
6
Q
PTH is — to calcitonin
A
antagonistic
7
Q
Have reciprocal effects—parathyroid hormone
slowly — serum Ca; calcitonin rapidly — serum Ca
A
increases
decreases
8
Q
Parathyroid hormone increases serum Ca 3 ways—
A
- increases osteoclast activity (inhibits osteoblasts)
- increases renal tubular absorption of Ca in kidneys (& inhibits resorption of phosphate)
- increases Ca absorption from gut via Vit D
9
Q
• Parathyroid hormone secretion stimulated by
A
decrease in blood Ca
10
Q
Damage/removal parathyroid results in
A
hypoparathyroidism
11
Q
Hyperparathyroidism—
A
excess PTH production
12
Q
Hyperparathyroidism—excess PTH production results in (2)
A
bony erosion & lysis
13
Q
2 types of secretory cells:
A
chief (principal) cells
oxyphil cells
14
Q
most abundant
A
chief cells
15
Q
chief cells secrete
A
PTH
16
Q
chief cells stain
A
clear to light pink, with dark nuclei & moderate amount of cytoplasm
17
Q
Oxyphil cells are —, less numerous
A
larger
18
Q
oxyphil cells stain
A
dark pink with more cytoplasm
19
Q
oxyphil cells occur in —
A
clusters
20
Q
oxyphil cells contain large numbers of —, but no —
A
mitochondria
secretory vesicles
21
Q
function of oxyphil cells
A
unknown
22
Q
— — of parathyroid gland common in older individuals
A
Fatty infiltration
23
Q
Adrenal Gland=
A
suprarenal gland
24
Q
Adrenal Gland is located
A
superior to kidneys
25
Adrenal Glands are covered by
thin CT capsule
26
Adrenal Gland: In mammals, --- endocrine gland with --- different
embryological origins
single
| two
27
Adrenal Gland: In lower vertebrates, (2) are two separate
| glands
medulla & cortex
28
Adrenal cortex is --- embryological origin, similar to ---
mesodermal
| gonads
29
Adrenal cortex is regulated by
ACTH secreted by anterior pituitary
30
Steroid hormones structurally related to --- precursor
cholesterol
31
3 functional classes of adrenal hormones :
mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
sex hormones
32
Mineralocorticoids—(e.g., aldosterone) control (2) balance
electrolyte & fluid balance
33
Mineralocorticoids regulates Na and K levels via
Na pumps, especially in renal tubules
34
mineralocorticoids regulate BP via
JGA
35
Glucocorticoids—(e.g., cortisol)
| Stimulate (2)
gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis
36
gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis both --- blood glucose
increase
37
Glucocorticoids increase metabolism and breakdown of (3)
proteins
carbs
lipids
38
Sex hormones—(e.g., androgens) very --- amount; supplement --- production
small
| gonadal
39
Cortex has three layers (from superficial to deep):
zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis
40
Zona glomerulosa—
~15% of cortex: thin, dark-staining band
41
zona glomerulosa secretes
mineralocorticoids, e.g., aldosterone
42
Zona fasciculata—
~80% of cortex; broad, light-staining band
43
Zona fasciculata contains cells called
spongioctes
44
Zona fasciculata secretes (2)
glucocorticoids eg. cortisol
| small amounts of androgens
45
Stress promotes secretion of cortisol, which --- immune response
decreases
46
Zona reticularis—
~5% of cortex; thin, dark-staining band
47
Zona reticularis secretes small quantities of (2)
androgens and glucorticoids
48
Hypoadrenocorticism is also known as
Addison’s disease
49
Addison’s disease
Failure of adrenal cortex to produce hormone
| mineralo- & glucocorticoids
50
Addisons disease is usually due to
atrophy of gland (often caused by autoimmune disease)
51
decrease in aldosterone results in (4)
decrease in ECF volume,
hyponatremia,
hyperkalemia,
mild acidosis
52
mild acidosis results in (2)
shock, death
| aka Addisonian crisis
53
decrease in cortisol results in decrease in
blood glucose
54
treatment of Addisons disease
exogenous administration of mineralocorticoids & glucocorticoids
(fluorinef & cortisol)
55
Hyperadrenocorticism is also known as
Cushing’s disease
56
Cushing’s disease can be either
1' and 2'
57
1' Cushing’s disease
| 2' Cushing’s disease
adrenal hyperadrenocorticism
| pituitary hyperadrenocorticism, aka “Classical form”
58
1’ (adrenal hyperadrenocorticism) is due to (2)
general adrenal hyperplasia or functional tumor of adrenal cortex
59
1' results in excess --- secretion
cortisol
60
2’ (pituitary hyperadrenocorticism, aka “Classical form”) is due to
increased ACTH from anterior pituitary (pituitary tumor, e.g., adenoma or carcinoma) or other cortisol-producing tumor
61
increased ACTH secretion results in (2)
adrenal hyperplasia & excess cortisol secretion
| Other cortisol producing tumor
62
Adrenal medulla embryologically originates from ---
neuroectoderm
63
Adrenal medulla contains
chromaffin cells
64
chromaffin cells—
modified, post-ganglionic neuronal cells with secretory function (epithelioid in appearance)
65
Adrenal medulla is controlled directly by
preganglionic, sympathetic nerve fibers
66
Chromaffin cells secrete
catecholamines
67
catecholamines— (2)
Adrenaline (= epinephrine) & noradrenaline (= norepinephrine)
68
catecholamines are stored in cytoplasmic granules called
dense core granules
69
```
Catecholamine release has systemic effect on --- receptors
throughout body (especially skeletal, cardiac, & smooth Mm)
```
adrenergic
70
In concert with glucocorticoids, prepares body for --- response
"fight or flight”
71
Adrenaline promotes glycogenolysis in liver as energy source & is
responsible for production of
enkephalins
72
enkephalins—
endogenous opiates responsible for pain relief
73
Generally benign, functional
tumor of chromaffin cells of
adrenal medulla
Pheochromocytoma
74
Pheochromocytoma symptoms due to
increased epi and norepinephrine secretion
75
SKIPPED
| symptoms of Pheochromocytoma such as (7)
```
Hypertension,
headache,
cardiac arrhythmias,
chest pain,
anxiety,
panic attacks,
nausea
```
76
treatment of Pheochromocytoma
surgical removal of tumor
77
Bulk of pancreas contains
exocrine acini
78
exocrine acini—
secrete digestive products into gut
79
During development, endocrine cells migrate from duct sys & aggregate around capillaries of pancreas, form
islets of Langerhans
80
islets of Langerhans are distributed throughout
exocrine pancreatic tissue
81
3 main islet cell types:
alpha
beta
gamma
82
islet cells require --- staining to differentiate
immunohistochemical
83
alpha-cells (~15-20%)—secrete
glucagon
84
glucagon; --- blood glucose, stimulates (2)
increases
| glucogenesis & glycogenolysis
85
beta-cells (~70%)—secrete
insulin
86
insulin; --- blood glucose & stimulates intracellular
decreases
| glycogen synthesis
87
gamma-cells (~5-10%)—secrete
somatostatin
88
somatatostatin inhibits both (2) production
insulin & glucagon
89
Other, miscellaneous cell types secrete (2)
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) & pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
90
Pathology of pancreas—insulin deficiency/abnormality results in
diabetes mellitus
91
diabetes mellitus is characterized by (2)
hyperglycemia (increase in blood glucose)
| & glucosuria (glucose in urine)
92
diabetes mellitus type 1
juvenile diabetes (decrease insulin production)
93
diabetes mellitus type 2
adult onset diabetes (decrease # of insulin receptors or decrease responsiveness)
93
Pineal Gland/ Body length
~6-8 mm
94
Pineal Gland/ Body is located
anterodorsal to cerebellum
95
Pineal Gland/ Body develops from --- as evagination of
neuroectoderm
| posterior portion of third ventricle, from roof of diencephalon
96
Pineal Gland/ Body communicates with ---
hypothalamus
97
Pineal Gland/ Body acts as --- in lower vertebrates
photoreceptor
98
Pineal Gland/ Body translates light intensity & duration (photoperiod) into
endocrine activity
99
Translates light intensity & duration (photoperiod) into endocrine activity—important in (2)
circadian rhythms & seasonal reproductive cycles
100
Pineal Gland/ Body secretes hormones (2)
melatonin
| chromatophores
101
melatonin stimulates ---
melanophores
102
chromatophores
pigment-containing cells
103
change in color intensity with (2)
reproductive cycle & serotonin (vasoconstrictor; neurotransmitter)
104
In mammals, melatonin has anti--- effect, to decrease
gonadal
| sex activity
105
Melatonin => --- GNRH from hypothalamus => --- sex hormone secretion
from gonads
decreases
| decreases
106
Two main cell types:
pinealocytes
| neuroglial cells
107
most common cell in pineal gland
Pinealocytes (= pineal chief cells)
108
pinealocytes are highly modified ---; which secrete (2)
neurons
| melatonin and serotonin
109
Neuroglial cells (= interstitial cells)—
support cells such as astrocytes, microglial cells
110
May also see:
corpora arenacea
111
corpora arenacea= (2)
“brain sand”, pineal sand
112
corpora arenacea are calcified accretions of (2) in aging individuals
Ca & Mg phosphate
113
Pituitary is divided int
anterior
| posterior
114
Pituitary is divided into
anterior & posterior half
115
Anterior contains (3)
pink acidophils, purplish basophils & pale chromophobes
116
Posterior contains (1)
neurosecretory axons from neurons in hypothalamus
117
Thyroid—
large follicles containing thyroglobulin, lined by follicular epithelium
118
Parathyroid—contains pale staining --- cells (secrete PTH) with clusters of
larger, brighter pink --- cells scattered throughout
chief
| oxyphil
119
Adrenal—
Cortex contains three alternating bands of
Central medulla contains
dark & light pink cells
| adrenalin secreting chromaffin cells
120
Pancreas—contains --- eyelets of Langerhans interspersed among
--- pancreatic acini
endocrine
| exocrine
121
Pineal—contains basophilic --- scattered among pale staining ---
```
pineal sand (corpora arenacea)
pinealocytes
```
122
A variety of endocrine cells scattered in the mucosa of (3)
GI,
respiratory tract,
& other organs
123
GI & Respiratory Endocrine System secrete (2) hormones
peptide & amine hormones (e.g., gastrin, secretin, CCK, serotonin)
124
~-- different cell types with confusing terminology
20
125
Some products even found in brain as ---
neurotransmitters
126
• Some of these cells have similar ultrastructure & metabolic pathways- called --- cells
APUD
| amine precursor uptake & decarboxylation
127
At one time, common metabolic pathway was thought to indicate
common ancestry; term now falling into disuse, because cells found to
have different
embryological origins
128
Embryologically, most derived from --- --- (highly modified
| neurons, aka --- cells)
neural crest
| neuroendocrine
129
Others in gut derived from --- (--- cells)
endoderm
| enteroendocrine
130
Both produce (2) hormones or neurotransmitters, with --- granules & ---like activity
amine or peptide
neurosecretory
hormone
131
Best known examples include (3)
chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla (epinephrine & norepinephrine),
thyroid C cells (calcitonin),
pancreatic islets (insulin, glucagon, & somatostatin)
132
Enteroendocrine cells in GI & respiratory tracts have a variety of
secretory products
| e.g., gastrin, CCK, VIP, substance P, serotonin, bombesin
