Urinary System Part 1 Flashcards by sophie rosen

what is the urinary system the principle organ responsible for? (3)

water and electrolyte homeostasis
osmoregulation
acid-base balance

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primary function of the urinary system

excretion of toxic and metabolic waste products, especially urea and creatinine

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urea & creatinine are

nitrogen containing compounds from metabolism of proteins

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urea

1’ nitrogenous waste product in mammals

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— is soluble, — is insoluble

urea

uric acid

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BUN

blood urea nitrogen

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BUN includes (4)

urea
creatinine
uric acid
ammonia 
etc

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the urinary system is responsible for (2) of various drugs (eg. abx)

metabolism and excretion

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Kidneys synthesize — & maintain normal bp via —

renin

reninangiotensin-aldosterone system

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— produced by kidney

Erythropoietin

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erythropoietin stimulates

rbc production (erythropoiesis)

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Vit D converted from inactive to active form by (2)

liver &

kidney

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Kidneys are — organs with fibrous connective

tissue capsule

retroperitoneal

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Blood vessels & ureters enter/ exit at —

hilus

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Each kidney supplied by

renal A

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renal A branches to form (4)

interlobar Aa,
then arcuate Aa,
then interlobular Aa,
which give off affarent arterioles to glomeruli

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Kidney divided into

outer cortex & inner medulla

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Cortex contains mostly (2)

renal corpuscles & convoluted tubules

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Medulla contains mostly (3)

loops of Henle, collecting tubules & collecting ducts

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— epithelium unique to urinary tract

Transitional

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Transitional epithelium

varying # of layers—

stratified, cuboidal to polygonal, with scalloped outline (= “umbrella cells”)

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transitional epithelium is highly —

distensible

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transitional epithelium allows for changing

urine volumes

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Functional unit of kidney is the —, ~1 million/ each human kidney

nephron

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what is the nephron embryologically derived from?

nephrogenic blastema, part of developing urogenital ridge

3 types of nephrons

cortical/subscapular juxtamedullary intermediate

3 major types of nephrons are based on

location in the cortex

cortical or subcapsular nephrons— (2) located. .. have. ..

located in outer rim of cortex | have short loops of Henle

juxtamedullary nephrons— (2) location. .. have. ..

adjacent to medulla; | have long loops of Henle

intermediate nephrons—(2) location. . have. .

in middle of cortex; | have intermediate length loops of Henle

two major components of nephrons

renal corpuscle & renal tubule

Renal corpuscle function

filters blood plasma

renal tubule function

collects filtrate

Each renal corpuscle has 2 components—

Bowman’s capsule & glomerulus

Capsule—

single layer of squamous epithelial cells resting on basement membrane (= parietal layer)

what does the capsule form?

hollow, dilated end of proximal convoluted tubule, surrounding glomerulus

Parietal layer continues onto glomerulus as

visceral layer

Cells of visceral layer highly modified, called ---

podocytes

Space between visceral and parietal layers is

Bowman’s space

Bowman’s space— (2) collects... empties into..

collects glomerular filtrate, empties into renal tubule

Glomerulus—

Network of densely packed, anastomosing, fenestrated capillaries

Glomerulus is supplied by (2)

afferent and efferent arterioles

Blood plasma passes through several cell | layers to become

filtrate

filtrate—

water & small molecular weight molecules filtered from blood into Bowman’s space

First layer of glomerulus consists of (2)

capillary endothelial cells of glomerulus & glomerular basement membrane

Luminal surface of capillary endothelium negatively charged due to surface layer of

glycoprotein, podocalyxin

glycoprotein, podocalyxin sets up --- charged barrier, prevents loss of ---, large protein molecules

negatively | anions

Glomerular basement membrane acts as (2)

physical barrier & ion-selective filter

Space between capillary basement membrane & second layer of cells (podocytes)—

subpodocyte space

Podocytes surround glomerular capillaries, possess cytoplasmic extensions known as

foot processes

Long 1’ foot processes give off

short 2’ foot processes (= pedicels)

Spaces between processes are

filtration slits— ~40 nm in diameter

filtration slits contain --- ---, made of the protein

slit diaphragms | nephrin

slit diaphragms act as additional barrier, function to restrict passage of (4)

large macromolecules (MW > 69K), proteins, negatively charged molecules, blood cells

Podocytes have --- function & can remove trapped ---

phagocytic | macromolecules

Resultant glomerular --- passed to renal tubule

ultrafiltrate

Renal tubule length

~55 mm long in humans

4 distinct zones of Renal tubule

* Proximal convoluted tubule * Loop of Henle * Distal convoluted tubule * Collecting tubule/duct

each distinct zone has different --- ---, starts at --- ----

physiological function | Bowmans capsule

renal tubule is lined by

simple, cuboidal epithelium

Filtrate produced at rate of ~--- ml/min in humans

120

1’ function of renal tubules —selective resorption of (3) from glomerular filtrate

``` water, inorganic ions (Na & bicarbonate), large molecules (e.g., AA’s, proteins, glucose) ```

Concentration of --- products in renal tubules

waste | e.g., urea, creatinine, excess H+ & K+

Proximal convoluted tubule is confined to

cortex

Proximal convoluted tubule is the primary site of

water resorption; | resorbs ~75% of water & ions (Na, Cl) from filtrate

Proximal convoluted tubule are facilitated by

aquaporins

integral proteins forming specialized pores or channels for transport of H2O in brush border of epithelial cells

Proximal convoluted tubule also reabsorbs all (3)

proteins AA sugars (glucose)

brush border

Simple cuboidal epithelium with apical microvilli

brush border is a characteristic of

proximal convoluted tubule

4 parts of the loop of henle

* pars recta (thick descending limb) * thin descending limb * thin ascending limb * thick ascending limb

Bulk of loop extends into ---; --- length

medulla | variable

Thin limbs are long in --- nephrons & short in --- nephrons

juxtamedullary | cortical

Thin limb has --- --- epithelium; thick limb has --- --- epithelium

simple squamous | simple cuboidal

Pars recta has brush border of

apical microvilli

Loop of Henle surrounded by peritubular capillary network,

vasa recta

Countercurrent multiplier functions to

generate high osmotic pressure in ECF of renal medulla | via Na-K pumps in thick ascending limb of loop of Henle

Higher extracellular [Na] in medulla combined with water resorption by

proximal convoluted tubule in cortex

Higher extracellular [Na] in medulla combined with water resorption by proximal convoluted tubule in cortex results in

cortico-medullary interstitial gradient

cortico-medullary interstitial gradient produces

counter current (exchange) multiplier system of urine concentration

counter current (exchange) multiplier system of urine concentration—results in production of

hypertonic urine

Urinary System Part 1 Flashcards

(81 cards)