Leukocytes Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
are leukocytes mobile?
A
yes
2
Q
how to leukocytes leave circulation?
A
margination, pavementing (rolling and adhesion) and diapedesis (extravasation)
3
Q
WBCs stick to endothelial cell surfaces, squeeze between endothelial cells of capillaries and venules via
A
pseudopodia
4
Q
leukocytes are attracted via
A
chemotaxis
5
Q
leukocytes are attracted via chemotaxis to inflammatory sites via
A
cytokines
6
Q
cytokines
A
any cell product that influences another cell, like pheromones
7
Q
leukocytes function as part of the — system in tissues
A
immune
8
Q
what are WBC categorized into? (2)
A
granulocytes
agranulocytes
9
Q
all WBCs possess
A
1’ granules
10
Q
1’ granules stain blue-purple because they are
A
azurophilic
11
Q
1’ granules contain
A
lysosoomal enzymes
ex. acid hydrolases
12
Q
granulocytes also possess
A
specific granules
13
Q
2’ granulocytes contain (2)
A
lysozyme
alkaline phosphatases
14
Q
2’ granulocytes exhibit variable
A
staining
15
Q
types of granulocytes (3)
A
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
16
Q
all granulocytes have (2)
A
a single, multi lobed nucleus
prominent cytoplasmic granules
17
Q
most common type of WBC
A
neutrophils
18
Q
neutrophils are also known as polymorphonuclear because
A
they used to think it had more than one nucleus due to the multi lobed appearance
19
Q
do neutrophils have mitochondria?
A
few, they use primarily anaerobic glycolysis
20
Q
1’ granules of neutrophils contain unique
A
antimicrobial myeloperoxidase
21
Q
how do 2’ granules stain?
A
either basophilic or eosinophilic (neutral)
22
Q
what do neutrophils contain? (5)
A
inflammatory mediators and complement activators proteases defensins lactoferrin lysozyme (antibacterial compounds)
23
Q
neutrophils are released during inflammatory reactions via
A
degranulation
24
Q
neutrophils contain small 3’ granules which contain
A
gelatinase
25
gelatinase breaks down
collagen
26
neutrophils are associated with --- inflammation, which generally lasts several days
acute
vs subacute (1 week-10 days) or chronic (more than 10 days)
27
what are the cardinal signs of inflammation? (4)
rubor, tumor, calore, et dolore
| redness, swelling, heat, pain
28
are neutrophils mobile?
yes, highly mobile, use amoeboid movement
29
neutrophils are attracted to bacteria and damage tissue by
chemotactic factors
30
phagocytosis is enhanced via ---, coating of bacteria with antibodies and complement to enhance phagocytosis
opsonization
31
respiratory burst
bacterial killing by generating hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid
32
stab cells
band cells
| immature neutrophils
33
barr body
inactive x chromosome in females
34
least common WBC
basophils
35
basophils may or may not be ---
circulating
36
basophils are equivalent to --- cells in tissue
mast
37
mast cell lifespan is uncertain but thought to be
long
38
basophils are characterized by
large, basophilic specific granules
39
what do specific granules contain? (5)
```
hydrolytic enzymes
heparin sulfate (anticoagulate)
chondroitin sulfate (proteoglycan)
histamine
leukotrienes
```
40
histamine is a vasoactive amine which results in
vasodilation and increase in vascular permeability
41
leukotrine ex
slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS) which results in smooth muscle contraction
42
EFC
eosinophilic chemotactic factor
43
basophils release granule contents into ECS via
degranulation
44
what type of reaction are basophils used in?
```
type 1 (immediate) hypersensitivity reactions
ex. hayfever, asthma, allergic dermatisis
```
45
if the hypersensitivity reaction is severe, it results in
anaphylaxis
46
anaphylaxis
very rapid, severe immune reaction
47
what counteracts the effects of basophils?
eosinophils
48
eosinophils have cell surface receptors for
IgE
49
large eosinophilic specific granules contain
hydrolytic enzymes
50
eosinophilic hydrolytic enzymes (4)
histaminase (neutralizes histamine)
a special peroxidase called eosinophil peroxidase (EPO)
lysosomal enzymes
major basic protein (neutralizes heparin, kills parasites)
51
what type of reaction are eosinophils important in?
hypersensitivity reactions to counteract the effects of basophils
52
eosinophils are chemotactically attracted to basophils and mast cells via
ECF
53
eosinophils ameliorate and counteract hypersensitivity reactions and effects of
histamine
54
eosinophils ameliorate and counteract hypersensitivity reactions and effects of histamine by releasing
eosinophil derived inhibitor (inhibits basophil and mast cell degranulation)
55
eosinophils have --- function, especially against flukes (helminths) and affinity for antigen-antibody complexes
antiparasitic
56
how are parasites and antigen-antibodies destoryed?
major basic protein and subsequent phagocytosis
57
what are the two types of agranulocytes?
monocytes and lymphocytes
58
agranulocyte nucleus?
single, ublobed
59
what granules do agranulocytes possess?
1' (azurophilic) graunles
| not 2' (specific) granules
60
what is the largest WBC?
monocytes
61
what is the color of the monocyte cytoplasm?
gray-blue/lavender
62
what does the nucleus of an monocyte look like?
large, indented, kidney bean shaped
63
monocytes are present in the bloodstream for 2-3 days, then extravasate, enter tissue, and become ---
macrophages
64
macrophages are also known as
histiocytes
65
what is the lifespan of macrophages?
several months (long lived)
66
fixed tissue ----, mean they remain in the same tissue
macrophages
67
monocytes are
- -- in cells the liver
- -- in cells the CNS
- -- in cells the skin
- -- cells in the lung
- -- in the bone
```
kupfer
microglial
langerhans
dust
osteoclast
```
68
most macrophages are highly mobile and ---, meaning they contain hydrolytic enzymes
phagocytic
69
what type of infections are monocytes active in, along with lymphocytes?
subacute to chronic
70
monocytes can fuse together to become --- --- --- in chronic granulomas
epithelioid giant cells (multinucleate)
71
what do monocytes function as in lymphoid organs?
antigen presenting cells
72
what type of infections are lymphocytes active in?
subacute to chronic
73
what is the lifespan of lymphocytes?
days to years (can be long lived)
74
what are the two size classes of lymphocytes?
small
| large
75
the size classes do not correlate with --- ---
cell type
76
what do lymphocytes look like?
round, densely staining nucleus surrounded by thin rum of cytoplasm
77
what is the number 1 cell of the immune system?
lymphocytes
78
what are lymphocytes the primary cell of the immune system?
theyre recirculating, immunocompetent cells
79
2 major types of lymphocytes
b cells
| t cells
80
where were b cells first recognixed?
the bursa of fabricius of birds
81
where are b cells formed and become immunocomepent in mammals?
bone marrow
82
what type of immune response do b cells function in?
humorally mediated
| produce antibodies
83
amplification/colonal expansion
after encountering Ag, undergo multiple divisions to produce clone of antibody producing plasma cells
84
some b cells and t cells do not replicate, but remain as long lived --- cells or --- cells
memory
| effector
85
b cells function in the --- response of humoral immunity
anamnestic (memory)
86
how do vaccination prevent disease?
the body remembers foreign invaders
87
what type of surface markers do b cells have
HLA type 2
88
what is found on the surface of b cells?
surface immunoglobulins
89
t cell lymphocytes are dependent on
the thymus
90
where are t cells formed and where do they become immunocompetent
bone marrow
| cell-mediated immunity
91
paratopes
t cell receptors on the cell surface like those present on Abs
92
epitotes recognize
foreign proteins of antibodies
93
CD molecules
cluster of differentiation
94
what do HLA receptors on the surface of other cells prevent?
self destruction
95
what are the three types of t cells?
cytotoxic
suppressor
helper
96
what are the primary effector cells in cell mediated immunity?
nk cells (tend to be large lymphocytes)
97
nk cells are also known as
cytotoxic cells
98
nk cells recognize cells with foreign surface Ags or receptors and
kill them
99
how do nk cells kill?
they punch holes in the plasma membrane helper t cells detect
100
t cells detect
invaders
101
when do helper t cells secrete lymphokines?
when antibody is recognized, presented by a macrophage of b cell
102
function of lymphokines (3)
act as pheromones
stimulate b cells to produce antibody
stimulate nk cells to kill
103
suppressor cells suppress the activity of - cells, therefore
b cells, dampen the immune response, especially to self molecules
104
what does the loss of control of suppressor cells lead to?
autoimmune diseases
105
Th
Tc/Tk
Ts
t helper cells
cytotoxic, killer cells
suppressor cells
106
null cells are lymphocytes which possess -- receptors but lack specific surface markers of either b or t cells
Fc
107
null cells include
nk cells
108
null cells are potentially ---
pluripotent
109
null cells are responsible for --- --- virus infected and tumor cells
nonspecific cytotoxicity
110
null cell function is -- dependent, cell mediated cytotoxicity
ADCC
111
mnemonic to remember relative concentrations of MBC
NLMEB
112
CBC
complete blood count
| relative percentages of WBC
113
differential cell count
relative percentages of WBCs
114
an increase of WBCs may be due to
infection or tumor
- philia
- osis
115
a decrease of WBCs may lead to
immune suppression/tumor
| -penia
116
neutropenia
| thrombocytopenia
acute viral infection or severe sepsis
| decrease in platelets
