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Circulatory System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the venous system function as?

A

a low pressure collecting system for returning blood from capillary beds to heart

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2
Q

Vv in comparison to Aa (2)

A

Thinner walled vessels with larger relative luminal diameter than corresponding Aa

Fewer layers of smooth Mm in tunica media compared to similar sized Aa

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3
Q

thickest of the three layers in the venous system

A

tunica adventitia

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4
Q

what prevent backflow ?

A

valves

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5
Q

where do valves prevent back flow typically? (2)

A

limbs and thorax

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6
Q

what is valve failure in the legs called?

A

varicose veins

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7
Q

small veins

A

venues

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8
Q

what do venues lack? (2)

A

elastic laminae and smaller venues may lack tunica media

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9
Q

post-capillary venules

diameter and what is reduced or absent?

A

10-50 um in diameter; both tunica media & adventitia reduced or absent

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10
Q

what is the preferential site for diapedesis

A

post-capillary venules

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11
Q

where do venues drain?

A

into larger collecting venules, then muscular venules

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12
Q

venues

diameter and description

A

~50-100 um in diameter, with thin smooth Mm layer in tunica media

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13
Q

what layer is thick in venuoles?

A

tunica adventitia

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14
Q

what substances act on venuoles?

A

vasoactive substances (histamine, serotonin)

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15
Q

how do vasoactive substances act on venuoles?

A

they enlarge the intercellular spaces which increases permeability of vessels

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16
Q

what are large & medium sized Vv called?

A

muscular Vv

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17
Q

small muscular veins may or may not contain

A

internal elastic lamina

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18
Q

medium muscular veins contain only

A

internal elastic lamina

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19
Q

large muscular veins contain both

A

internal and external elastic lamina

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20
Q

what does smooth muscle in tunica media control the luminal diameter of? (2)

A

muscular veins and venuoles

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21
Q

what are AV shunts?

A

direct connections between arterial and venous system

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22
Q

AW shunts bypass

A

capillary beds

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23
Q

what are capillary beds?
common in –
function in –

A

a type of anastomosis, common in the skin to function in thermoregulation

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24
Q

portal vessels

A

arteries or veins connecting two capillary beds

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25
examples of portal vessels (2)
hepatic portal vein | a venous portal system
26
When endothelium of vessel damaged, cholesterol adheres to
exposed proteins
27
Once endothelium heals, cholesterol patch is
reabsorbed
28
what does phagocytosis by macrophages and later by endothelial and subintimal cells result in
foam cells
29
what happens if the inflammatory response becomes chronic?
atherosclerosis and plaque formation
30
atherosclerosis can be (2)
generalized or focal
31
the most common acquired abnormality of blood vessels is
atherosclerosis
32
as plaque enlarges, or if endothelium is damaged, it exposed
underlying collagen
33
what does atherosclerosis initiate? (2)
the clotting cascade, thrombus formation
34
what is it called if a piece of thrombus breaks off? what disease is associated to this?
embolus | thromboembolic disease
35
atherosclerosis is later accompanied by proliferation of smooth muscle cells and formation of
fibrous, connective tissue capsule
36
what happens as cells within the plaque die? (2)
necrosis and secondary calcification (hardening of Aa)
37
what is atherosclerosis often associated with?
hypertension due to a decrease in the diameter of vessel lumen and an increase in systolic blood pressure
38
what is the most common cause of ischemic heart disease?
atherosclerosis
39
what occurs during ischemic heart disease
lumen of coronary arteries may decrease by 90%
40
stenosis
gradual narrowing by plaque
41
what does gradual narrowing by plaque result in
thrombosis of vessel
42
what does thrombosis mean
occlusion
43
what occurs after sudden occlusion by an embolus?
acute ischemic event
44
what does a decrease in oxygen to the heart muscle result in?
angina
45
angina
chest pain
46
decrease in oxygen
anoxia
47
myocardial infarction
death by ischemia
48
if ischemic heart disease/thrombo-embolic disease is left untreated and a portion of muscle dies,
myocardial infarction
49
Since cardiac Mm cells in Go phase (terminally differentiated), unable to regenerate; all healing occurs via
fibrosis
50
connective tissue is less contractile than
muscle
51
because connective tissue is less contractile than muscle, you may experience a decrease in
function or partial loss of function
52
in endocarditis, what might also be effected?
heart valves
53
Inflammation & thickening of AV valves often associated with valvular incompetence leads to
increased turbulence (blood leakage when they should be closed)
54
increase turbulence can lead to (2)
vegetative endocarditis and thromboembolic disease
55
Strokeis similar to MI, except affects --- instead of heart
brain
56
Neurons are also
terminally differentiated
57
what does stroke result in?
cerebral infarct, with similar cell death & loss of function
58
what determines symptoms and severity of stroke?
location
59
aneurism
blood vessels dilation to form thin-walled, balloon-like regions
60
what do aneurisms commonly do?
burst
61
where are aneurisms common? (2)
aorta (death) | brain (stroke)
62
lymph vascular system in comparison to veins
Structurally similar to Vv, but endothelial cells thinner, with greater permeability
63
Lymph endothelial cells highly active in
phagocytosis
64
what is thin in the lymph vascular system?
tunica media
65
are valves present in the lymph vascular system?
yes
66
what else is present in the lymph vascular system? (2)
basement membrane and pericytes may be present or absent
67
what is the function of the lymph vascular system?
Drain excess fluid (lymph) from ECS & return it to bloodstream
68
Lymph formed as result of
high hydrostatic pressure in arterioles
69
what happens if the hydrostatic pressure in arterioles exceeds colloidal oncontic pressure exerted by plasma proteins? (3)
leakage of water, electrolytes, and plasma proteins from capillaries into the ECS
70
define lymphatics
ECS drained by a series of interconnected, blind-ending tubules
71
where does the lymph vascular system converge? (2)
on the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
72
what is the largest lymph vessel in the body?
thoracic duct
73
where does lymph return to the bloodstream?
the junction of the left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein
74
does the lymph vascular system have a central pumping mechanism?
no
75
how is movement of lymph accomplished?
skeletal muscle contraction, body movement
76
immobility may lead to (2)
peripheral edema | swollen feet
77
where are lymph nodes located?
interspersed along lymph vessels
78
what do lymph nodes contain?
lymphoid tissue for antigenic sampling and recognition
79
antigenic sampling
activation of immune cells and production of antibodies
80
asymmetrical lymph draining is important in...
tumor metastasis
81
what is the easiest way to identify lymph vessels in section?
thin walled, lack blood, contain smooth, eosinophilic, proteinaceous fluid (lymph), occasional WBC
82
elephantiasis
due to a worm that sets up in the lymph vessels and prevents/blocks lymphatic return, often in the legs
83
why is it called elephantiasis?
thickening of CT and skin which looks leathery, like an elephants skin

Histology (32 decks)

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