GI Tract Part 3

Question 1

Proteins are initially denatured by —, then hydrolyzed by —

Answer 1

HCl from parietal cells

pepsin into polypeptide fragments

Question 2

Continued by pancreatic enzymes (4)

Answer 2

trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, & carboxypeptidase

Question 3

Continued by pancreatic enzymes—trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, & carboxypeptidase results in formation of

Answer 3

small peptide fragments, AA’s

Question 4

absorbed by — via active transport by carrier proteins

Answer 4

enterocytes

Question 5

Carbohydrates include (3)

Answer 5

1’ starches; poly-, oligo-, & disaccharides

Question 6

Salivary & pancreatic amylase hydrolyze starch to

Answer 6

disaccharides (sucrose, lactose,maltose, & isomaltose)

Question 7

Further broken down into

Answer 7

monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, & fructose), absorbed by facilitated diffusion

Question 8

AA’s & monosaccharides absorbed by enterocytes lining villi, transported across epithelium, enter

Answer 8

capillaries within lamina propria

Question 9

portal V to liver for —

Answer 9

storage

Question 10

Lipids are 1’

Answer 10

triglycerides from diet

Question 11

lipids are emulsified by action of

Answer 11

bile acids

Question 12

Further broken down into monoglycerides & FA’s by

— —-, to form extracellular —

Answer 12

pancreatic lipase

micelles

Question 13

Micelles are absorbed by —, then re-synthesized
into — within enterocytes & coated with proteins
& phospholipids to form intracellular —

Answer 13

enterocytes
triglycerides
chylomicrons

Question 14

These are transported across enterocytes to

Answer 14

lacteals

Question 15

lacteals

Answer 15

blind-ended lymph vessels within lamina propria of villi

Question 16

Eventually carried to (2)

Answer 16

thoracic duct & general circulation

Question 17

what does the large intestine include? (7)

Answer 17

cecum
apppendix
ascending
transverse 
descending
sigmoid colon
rectum

Question 18

Large intestine lacks (2)

Answer 18

villi & plicae circulares

Question 19

Appendix

Answer 19

small, blind-ended sac, 2-13 cm in length distal to ileo-cecal junction

Question 20

— cecum; used for — — in herbivores

Answer 20

Vestigial

bacterial digestion

Question 21

appendix contains large amounts of submucosal —, active in —

Answer 21

MALT

children

Question 22

inflamed appendix

Answer 22

appendicitis

Question 23

treatment of appendicitis

Answer 23

surgical removal

appendectomy

Question 24

colon 1’ function

Answer 24

H2O & electrolyte

resorption

Question 25

colon also produces mucous for

Answer 25

elimination of undigested food & waste

Question 26

what is included within the colon? (2)

Answer 26

large #’s of goblet cells in epithelium & colonic glands in submucosa—but no Brunner’s glands

Question 27

colon does not contain --- for nutrient absorption

Answer 27

villi

Question 28

colon does not contain --- ---

Answer 28

place circulares | mucosal folds contain core of lamina propria

Question 29

Mucosal epithelium similar to --- ---, but --- cells generally absent in adults

Answer 29

small intestine | Paneth

Question 30

MALT in large intestine does notform domed

Answer 30

Peyer’s patches

Question 31

No --- present in lamina propria of colon

Answer 31

lacteals

Question 32

Epithelial cell replacement q 5 days from --- --- located at base of glandular crypts

Answer 32

stem cells

Question 33

Large #’s of --- present in large intestine

Answer 33

commensal bacteria (“coliforms”)

Question 34

Outer longitudinal M layer in muscularis externa is reduced or incomplete—forms 3 longitudinal strips, --- ---

Answer 34

taenia coli

Question 35

taenia coli are responsible for formation of

Answer 35

haustra

Question 36

haustra

Answer 36

sacculations of large intestine

Question 37

Polyps are also known as

Answer 37

adenoma

Question 38

adenoma

Answer 38

any mass arising from the wall of the colon that protrudes into the lumen

Question 39

polyps are generally ---; most common sign is

Answer 39

asymptomatic | rectal bleeding

Question 40

treatment of polyps/adenoma

Answer 40

surgical removal

Question 41

Colon cancer is also known as

Answer 41

adenocarcinoma

Question 42

increase (2) in diet decrease colon cancer by decrease --- --- & increase --- ---

Answer 42

roughage & fiber transit time GI motility

Question 43

treatment of colon cancer

Answer 43

surgical removal; if extensive, may require resection of portion of colon New test kits for early detection; detect tumor Ab; also colonoscopy screening over 50

Question 44

rectum

Answer 44

short, dilated, terminal portion of large intestine

Question 45

rectum contains (2)

Answer 45

transverse rectal folds and large #’s of mucus glands

Question 46

Transition of mucosa from simple columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium at

Answer 46

anal canal

Question 47

Anal canal contains longitudinal folds called

Answer 47

anal columns (=columns of Morgani)

Question 48

Within anal canal, anal glands extend into (2)

Answer 48

submucosa & muscularis externa

Question 49

anal glands

Answer 49

branched, straight, tubular glands

Question 50

anal glands secrete

Answer 50

mucous

Question 51

Surrounding Mm forms (2)

Answer 51

internal & external anal sphincters | external—voluntary, skeletal Mm; internal—involuntary, smooth Mm

Question 52

Occasional enlargement & irritation of submucosal Vv ~anal canal results in

Answer 52

hemorrhoids (like varicose Vv)

Question 53

Anus (2)

Answer 53

external opening and exit of GI tract