Respiratory System Part 2 Flashcards by sophie rosen

where is MALT found

throughout the respiratory tract

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MALT is lymphoid —-

aggregates

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BALT or MALT are found in

lamina propria

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lamina propria

layer of subepithelial connective tissue

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1’ function of MALT is

secretion of IgA onto mucosal surface

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IgA secretion onto mucosal surface provides

provides protection from micro-organisms

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Deep to mucosa is smooth Mm layer,

muscularis mucosae

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Prominent in smaller airways of respiratory bronchioles & alveolar ducts as — —

alveolar rings

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function of muscular mucosae (3)

Controls luminal diameter of airways & resistance to airflow, regulates alveolar air movement, takes over support function of cartilage

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alveolar ducts & alveoli lined by

simple squamous epithelium

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Alveoli are thin-walled structures surrounded by rich

capillary network

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what are alveoli supplied by?

supplied by pulmonary A

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Walls between alveoli called

alveolar septa

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Septa contain

alveolar pores

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alveolar pores

communicating spaces between alveoli

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~95% of alveolar surface area covered by simple squamous epithelium consisting of

Type I pneumocytes

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Type I pneumocytes

flattened epithelial cells modified for gas exchange

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Air within alveolus separated
from blood within capillaries
by 2 cell layers—so-called

air-

blood barrier

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air-blood barrier consists of (3)

Type I 
pneumocytes of alveoli, 
endothelial cells lining 
capillaries, & shared, fused 
basement membrane

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~5% of surface area of lung lined by

Type II pneumocytes

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Type II pneumocytes

larger, rounded, dome-shaped cells

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Type II pneumocyte can differentiate into

Type I cells

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type 2 pneumocytes possess intracytoplasmic granules, called — —, containing —

lamellar bodies

phospholipid

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Contents of type 2 pneumocyets secreted as

surfactant

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surfactant, a ---, which (2)

phospholipid | decreases surface tension & keeps cells moist for gas exchange

respiratory distress syndrome, 1’ respiratory problem for

lack of surfactant, premature infants

Throughout lung are small to | moderate #’s of

alveolar macrophages | = dust cells

dust cells

Phagocytize particulate | matter & microorganisms

dust cells are eliminated from lung at rate of ~50 million/day, via

mucocilliary ladder

No direct lymphatic drainage of alveoli—only

indirect, via | interstitium of interalveolar septa

Second system of pleural lymphatics within visceral pleura drains

pleural space

Lymphatic obstruction can lead to (2)

pleural effusion or pulmonary edema

pleural effusion

fluid within pleural space between lungs results in horizontal fluid line

pulmonary edema

fluid within alveoli of lungs results in interstitial pattern

Both common with

pneumonia

bacterial &/or viral infection of lung with increase inflammatory cell infiltrate esp. neutrophils & macrophages

Infections associated with | pneumonia may decrease production of

pleural fluid

damage to the pleura

pleurisy

Adhesions between visceral & parietal pleura results in

connective | tissue tags

originally seen in coal miners, from inhaling “anthracite” coal dust; now common in urban environments

Anthracosis

Silicosis & asbestosis

silicosis from inhaled silica particles

primary source of silicosis & asbestosis

coal dust & asbestos

silicosis & asbestosis

sharp crystals, difficult to phagocytose

Sharp crystals, difficult to phagocytose results in --- --- due to accumulation of silicic acid in lungs, which stimulates (2)

pulmonary fibrosis | fibroblast proliferation & collagen production

Asbestos inhalation has also been linked to benign and malignant

mesothelioma

Tuberculosis (TB) bacteria

Mycobacterium tuberculinum

formation of multifocal nodules or tubercles

Bacterial foci surrounded by inflammatory cells, | especially macrophages, walled off by

fibrotic | capsule

Highly contagious, especially among

primates

Mucus production --- in response to smoking

increases

Smoking impairs

cilia

how does smoking impair cilia?

first lose synchronicity, then die

Mucus accumulation results in

“smoker’s hack”

Bronchitis

fibrosis, thickening of airways

Over time, normal pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium of URT replaced by

stratified squamous epithelium

metaplasia

replacement of one tissue type by another

More resist to

physical stress

Can be incited by (3)

physical trauma (chronic coughing), chemical, or thermal insult (smoking)

Metaplasia may be first step in

neoplasia (cancer)—cigarettes also contain carcinogens

1’ cause of lung cancer is

smoking

emphysema is characterized by

permanent enlargement of alveoli

bulla formation

Caused by chronic obstruction of air flow results in

destruction of alveolar septa & decrease surface area for gas exchange

what is emphysema initiated by

chronic inhalation of particulate matter (dust, smoke), mucus accumulation

chronic inhalation of particulate matter (dust, smoke), mucus accumulation results in

destruction of alveolar wall

destruction of alveolar wall is due to

release of lysosomal enzymes from neutrophils & macrophages

most common cause of emphysema

smoking

Bronchitis, asthma, & emphysema collectively referred to as

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

Asthma characterized by (4)

chronic airway obstruction, inflammation or irritation & increased responsiveness

asthma results in exaggerated

bronchoconstriction

how is asthma initiated

by formation of Ag-Ab complexes on cell membranes, require phagocytosis

Mast cells & eosinophils present in large #’s in --- in asthmatics

submucosa | can be present with other inflammatory cells

Increased respiration, irritation causes mast cells to release (2)

histamine & SRS

Increased respiration, irritation causes mast cells to release histamine& SRS results in smooth Mm contraction of (2)

bronchioles & vasodilation

acute asthma attack

smooth Mm contractionof bronchioles & vasodilation

Eosinophils counteract effects of histamine with (2)

histaminase (neutralizes histamine), & eosinophil derived inhibitor (inhibits mast cell degranulation), etc.