CEREBRAL PALSY AND SEIZURE

Question 1

is a problem that affects muscle
tone, movement, and coordination. It happens when
the brain can’t properly send messages to muscles about
how to move in smooth or well-coordinated ways.

Answer 1

cerebral palsy

Question 2

Nonspecific term applied to
neurologic disorder characterized
by early onset & impaired
movement & posture

Non progressive, accompanied by
perceptual problems, language
deficits, & intellectual involvement

Answer 2

CP

Question 3

cerebrum means
palsy means

Answer 3

cerebrum - effected part of brain
palsy - lack of muscle control

Question 4

type of CP

Hypertonicity, impaired gross & fine motor skills, abnormal postures & overflow of
movement

Answer 4

spacstic

Question 5

one side of the body is affected. the arm is usually more involved than the leg

Answer 5

hemiplegia

Question 6

all four limbs are affected. both legs are more affected than the arms

Answer 6

diplegia

Question 7

all four limbs are imvolved

Answer 7

quadriplegia

Question 8

only one limb is affected, usually an arm

Answer 8

monoplegia

Question 9

three limbs are involved, usually both arms and a leg

Answer 9

triplegia

Question 10

lower extremities are involved

Answer 10

paraplegia

Question 11

type of CP

slow wormlike/writhing
movements, drooling, dysarthria, choreoid &
dystonic manifestation

Answer 11

athetoid / dyskinetic

Question 12

type of CP

wide based gait, rapid, repetitive
performed poorly movements, disintegration
of movements of the upper extremities

Answer 12

ataxic

Question 13

type of CP

combination
of spasticity & athetosis

Answer 13

mixed type / dystonic

Question 14

causes of CP

Answer 14

• infection during pregnancy
• stroke
• untreated jaundice
• genetic disorders
• something goes wrong during birth

Question 15

true or false - Premature babies (babies born early) have a higher chance of having CP
than full-term babies. So do other low-birthweight babies and multiple
births, such as twins and triplets.

Answer 15

true

Question 16

brain damage leading to CP can be caused by

Answer 16

• lead poisoning
• bacterial meningitis
• poor blood flow
• shaken baby
• injury

Question 17

clinical manifestations

Answer 17

✔ Delayed Gross Motor Development
✔ Alterations of Muscle Tone
✔ Abnormal Motor Performance
✔ Abnormal Postures
✔ Reflex Abnormalities

Question 18

CP can also affect other brain functions and lead to problems like

Answer 18

• visual impairment or blindness
• hearing loss
• food aspiration (the sucking of food or fluid into the lungs)
• gastroesophageal reflux (spitting up)
• speech problems and/or drooling
• sleep disorders
• osteoporosis (weak, brittle bones)
• behavior problems
• seizures

Question 19

Kids can improve their bone health by having a diet that’s high
in ___

Answer 19

calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus.

Question 20

goals of therapy

Answer 20

Early recognition & promotion of
an optimum developmental course
to enable affected children to attain
their potential within the limits of
their dysfunction

Question 21

involves surgically relocating a healthy tendon to a new position to perform a function that a damaged or lost tendon previously did

Answer 21

tendon transfer

Question 22

a surgical procedure that involves the partial or complete removal of a nerve to alleviate pain or other neurological issues

Answer 22

neurectomy

Question 23

a neurosurgical procedure aimed at reducing spasticity, or muscle tightness, in the lower limbs, particularly in children with cerebral palsy. It involves selectively cutting specific sensory nerve fibers in the spinal cord that contribute to muscle spasticity

Answer 23

selective dorsal rhizotomy

Question 24

• episodic, stereotypic behavioral syndromes with an abrupt onset, not provoked by external
  stimuli & result in loss of responsiveness.
• are a symptom of an underlying disease process.

Answer 24

seizure

Question 25

a condition characterized by two or more unprovoked seizures more than 24 hours apart and can be caused by a variety of pathologic processes in the brain

Answer 25

epilepsy

Question 26

etiology of seizure in infancy

Answer 26

⚫ birth injury ⚫ anoxic episodes ⚫ infection ⚫ intraventricular hemorrhage ⚫ congenital brain anomaly

Question 27

etiology of seizures in older children

Answer 27

⚫ occur most often secondary to trauma or infection ⚫ changes in diet or hydration status ⚫ fatigue ⚫ not taking prescribed medications

Question 28

type of seizure - affects only one area of the brain - does not lose consciousness - very quick, lasting only 1-2 minutes

Answer 28

focal / partial

Question 29

3 types of focal / partial seizure

Answer 29

simple partial complex partial simple / complex secondarily generalized

Question 30

- can be manifested at any age - no aura - symptoms seen are motor or sensory in nature

Answer 30

simple partial seizure

Question 31

- aka partial psychomotor or temporal lobe episodes - manifested from age 3 years through adolescence - may have an aura - appear confused or dazed, especially at the on

Answer 31

complex partial seizure

Question 32

simple or complex partial seizures that evolve into generalized, usually a tonic-clonic event

Answer 32

Simple or Complex Seizures SecondarilyGeneral

Question 33

- can be simple or complex, and can develop with temperatures as low as 37.8°C (100°F) - brief, clonic, or tonic-clonic nature

Answer 33

Febrile Seizure

Question 34

type of seizure - secondary to diffuse electrical activity throughout the cortex & into the brain stem - causes loss of consciousness

Answer 34

generalized

Question 35

type of seizure - demonstrate uncontrolled motor involvement with movements & spasm bilateral & symmetrical in nature - occur at any time & last from several seconds to hours

Answer 35

generalized

Question 36

types of generalized seizures

Answer 36

tonic-clonic / grand mal absence / petit mal myoclonic atonic and akinetic

Question 37

- occur at any age - onset is usually abrupt & begins when the child loses consciousness & falls to the ground - ends up in postictal or post-convulsive state

Answer 37

Tonic-Clonic Seizure/ Grand Mal Seizure

Question 38

- intense muscle contractions that persists for 10-30 seconds

Answer 38

tonic

Question 39

– jerking movements, last from 30 sec – 30 mins. after onset of the seizure

Answer 39

clonic

Question 40

- appears at 4 y/o & generally disappear near adolescence - transient loss of consciousness - child seems to stare into space or the eyes may roll upward with ptosis or fluttering of the lids

Answer 40

Absence Seizure/ Petit Mal seizure

Question 41

- manifested by frequent episodes of brief staring spells, often with fluttering of the eyelids - return immediately to their baseline mental status after a seizure

Answer 41

Absence Seizure/ Petit Mal seizure

Question 42

- sudden repeated contractions of the muscles of the head, extremities, or torso - no loss of consciousness, no postictal period

Answer 42

Myoclonic Seizure

Question 43

- sudden loss of muscle tone with the head dropping forward for a few seconds - losses consciousness & falls to the ground, most often face down

Answer 43

Atonic and Akinetic Seizure (Drop Attack)

Question 44

seizures that lack sufficient information to classify

Answer 44

unclassified epileptic seizure

Question 45

◦ onset within the first 4-8 months of life ◦ underlying cause is unknown ◦ consist of clusters of myoclonic spasms, typically upon awakening or falling asleep ◦ with some degree of mental retardation

Answer 45

West Syndrome (Infantile Spasm)

Question 46

- diagnosed on the evidence of mixed seizure types onset is between 1-7 years of age have multiple seizures daily- Tonic seizures are most common seizure type - prognosis is typically po

Answer 46

Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS)

Question 47

diagnostic procedures

Answer 47

* CBC * Serum electrolytes * Lumbar puncture * Complete neurological evaluation * Radiologic imaging * EEG

Question 48

lifting the jaw upward and slightly forward, which helps to move the tongue away from the back of the throat, preventing airway obstruction

Answer 48

jaw thrust

Question 49

- First-line treatment for acute seizures - Enhance GABA (an inhibitory neurotransmitter), which calms overactive neurons.

Answer 49

benzodiazepines - diazepam, lorazepam

Question 50

- Stabilizes neuronal membranes by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, reducing repetitive firing - used after benzodiazepines to maintain seizure control in status epilepticus

Answer 50

phenytoin (dilantin)

Question 51

___ diet is recommended for seizures—especially in children with drug-resistant epilepsy—because it alters the brain’s metabolism in a way that helps reduce seizure activity.

Answer 51

ketogenic