NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS Flashcards
(41 cards)
- A CNS defect resulting from failure of neural tube to close during the embryo’s early development (the first 3 to 5 weeks)
- constitute the largest group of congenital anomalies with multifactorial inheritance
neural tube defects
deficits for those with NTDs
sensorimotor disturbance
dislocated hips
talipes equinovarus (clubfoot)
hydrocephalus
Globally, more than ___ pregnancies are estimated to be
affected by NTDs, and ___% of the NTD live births result in
under-5 deaths.
260,000
75%
- In the Philippines, about 0.9 % (around 1 in 5) are folate-deficient
based on ___, while 38.7% (around 2 in 5) are folate deficient based on ___ (Ostrea, 2022)
red cell folate count
serum folate
In 1992, US Public Health Service: All woman childbearing age, capable of becoming pregnant –
should take 0.4 mg (400 mcg) ___ per day for purpose of reducing risk of NTD’S.
folic acid
etiology and risk factors of NTDs
- Folic acid deficiency
*Chemicals: Alcohol
*Medications: Anti-epileptic and isotretinoin for acne - Exposure to radiation
*Maternal obesity; GDM - Previous NTD pregnancy
a malformation where the brain is
totally exposed or herniated through a
skull defect
exencephaly
a protrusion of the brain
and meninges into a fluid filled sac through a skull defect
encephalocele
- a skull defect through
which various tissues
protrude - Failure of the bones of the
skull to close
cranioschisis
- a disorder in which the
brain growth is so slow
that it falls more than
three standard deviation
below normal growth
charts
microcephaly
- brain is degenerated to a
spongiform mass with no bony
covering in a fetus - absence of the cranial vault with
cerebral hemispheres either
completely missing or greatly
reduced in size.
anencephaly
2 most common types of NTDs
anencephaly
spina bifida
*there is an incomplete closure
of the vertebrae & neural tube
*fissures in the spinal column
that leaves the meninges and
spinal cord exposed
spina bifida / rachischis
types of spina bifida
spina bifida occulta
spina bifida cystica
- failure of the posterior vertebral
arches to fuse - at the 5th lumbar or 1st sacral
vertebrae - there is no herniation of the
spinal cord or meninges
spina bifida occulta
spina bifida occulta
spinal cord -
meninges -
neurological deficits -
spinal cord - intact and not visible
meninges - not exposed on skin surface
neurological deficits - not usually present
sign of spina bifida occulta
Small dimple, birthmark, or patch of
hair over the lower back
- Protrusion of the spinal
cord and meninges - a defect in the closure of
the posterior vertebral
arch
spina bifida cystica
2 anomalies of spina bifida cystica
meningocele
myelomeningocele
- Protrusion involves meninges and a saclike cyst that contains CSF in the midline of the back (lumbosacral area)
- No spinal cord or nerves in the sac
- No or mild neuro deficits
Meningocele
- Sac-like Protrusion of the meninges, CSF, nerve roots, and a portion of the
spinal cord occurs - Neurological deficits are evident
- Most serious type of Spina Bifida
Myelomeningocele
sign of meningocele
: Fluid-filled sac on back, covered
by skin
sign of myelomeningocele
The sac (defect) is covered by a
thin membrane prone to leakage or
rupture
prognosis of meningocele
Generally good if no
nerves involved
