Ch 11 Heart Flashcards by Heather Murray

-constriction

narrowing

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-dilation

widening; stretching; expanding

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-emia

blood condition

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-graphy

process of recording

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-lysis

breakdown; separation; destruction; loosening

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-megaly

enlargement

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-meter

measure

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-oma

tumor; mass; fluid collection

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-osis

condition, usually abnormal

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-plasty

surgical repair

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-sclerosis

hardening

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-stenosis

tightening; stricture

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-tomy

process of cutting

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____ is designed to detect body movement and automatically increase or decrease paced heart rates based on levels of physical activity.

A dual-chamber, rate-responsive pacemaker

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a-, an-

no; not; without

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abbreviation meaning

AAA

abdominal aoritc aneurysm

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Drug that lowers blood pressure by dilating blood vessels (antihypertensive).

ACE inhibitor

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abbreviation meaning

ACE inhibitor

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor

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Antihypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, causing blood vessels to dilate. It prevents heart attacks, CHF, stroke, and death. See Table 21-7 on page 835 for names of ACE inhibitors and other cardiovascular drugs.

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

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abbreviation meaning

ACLS

advanced cardiac life support (CPR plus drugs and defibrillation)

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abbreviation meaning

ACS

acute coronary syndrome(s)

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(syndrome) Unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack), which are consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries.

acute coronary syndromes (ACSs)

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abbreviation meaning

ADP

adenosine diphosphate; ADP blockers are used to prevent cardiovascular-related death, heart attack, and strokes and after all stent procedures

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abbreviation meaning

AED

automatic external defibrillator

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devices that may be found in workplaces, airports, and other public places and are used in an emergency situation to reverse ventricular fibrillation.

Automatic external defibrillators (AEDs)

# abbreviation meaning AF, a-fib

`a`trial `fib`rillation

Electrical impulses move randomly throughout the atria, causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting with a normal rhythm. It is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia.

Atrial fibrillation (AF)

# abbreviation meaning AICD

`a`utomatic `i`mplantable `c`ardioverter-`d`efibrillator

a device implanted in the chest to monitor and treat life-threatening heart rhythms, especially those that can lead to sudden cardiac arrest.

automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD)

# abbreviation meaning AMI

`a`cute `m`yocardial `i`nfarction

local widening of an artery; Weakening of an arterial wall, which may lead to hemorrhage and cerebrovascular accident (stroke).

aneurysm

aneurysm/o

aneurysm (widened blood vessel)

suture (repair) of a ballooned-out portion of an artery

aneurysmorrhaphy

angi/o

vessel (blood)

Chest pain; resulting from myocardial ischemia. Chest pain caused by reduced or poor blood supply to the heart

angina (pectoris)

X-ray `record` of blood vessels.

angiogram

X-ray `imagin`g of `blood vessels` after injection of contrast material.

angiography

Surgical repair of a blood vessel.

angioplasty

`without oxygen`; is an extreme form of hypoxia.

anoxia

aort/o

aorta (largest artery)

Largest artery in the body.

aorta

Aortic aneurysms are often associated with ____ a genetic disorder marked by long, thin fingers, great arm span, ocular lens dislocation, and loose joints. The syndrome has been diagnosed in basketball and volleyball players who have died suddenly as a result of ruptured aortic aneurysms.

Marfan syndrome

Narrowing of the aorta.

aortic stenosis

Lower tip of the heart.

apex of the heart

# abbreviation meaning ARB

`a`ngiotensin `r`eceptor `b`locker

Irregular or abnormal heart rhythm; abnormal heartbeat; literally, `without rhythm;` dysrhythmia

arrhythmia

arter/o, arteri/o

artery

- new surgical connection between two arteries

arterial anastomosis

grafts from the breast arteries or radial artery

arterial grafts

x-ray imaging of `arteries` after injection of contrast via a catheter into the aorta or an artery.

arteriography

small artery

arteriole

Hardening of an artery with collection of fatty plaque.

arteriosclerosis

Largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. Notice that artery and away begin with an “a.”

artery

arthro/o

joint

`a` surgically implanted device that replaces a malfunctioning `heart valve.`

artificial heart valve

# abbreviation meaning ARVD

`a`rrhythmogenic `r`ight `v`entricular `d`ysplasia a rare inherited heart muscle disorder where the right ventricle's muscle tissue is replaced by fat and scar tissue.

# abbreviation meaning AS

`a`ortic `s`tenosis

# abbreviation meaning ASD

`a`trial `s`eptal `d`efect a congenital heart defect where there's a hole in the wall (atrial septum) separating the two upper chambers of the heart (the right and left atria).

name brand of medicine to prevent clumping of platelets

asprin

ather/o

yellowish plaque (fatty substance))

`Removal` of `plaque` (lipids and clots) that accumulates in the lining of an artery.

**ather**`ectomy`

- `mass` of `yellowish plaque` (fatty deposits/substance); Mass of fatty plaque that collects in an artery.

atheroma

- hardening of arteries with a yellowish fatty plaque; Fatty plaque deposits in the interior lining of an artery; a form of arteriosclerosis.

atherosclerosis

a buildup of fatty deposits, cholesterol, and other substances inside the walls of arteries.

athero`sclerotic` plaque

atri/o

atrium, upper heart chamber

pertaining to an atrium- upper chamber of the heart

atrial

abnormal heart rhythm (arhythmia) disorder where the heart's upper chambers (atria) beat too `quickly and in a regular, organized pattern,` typically between 250 and 350 beats per minute.

atrial flutter In AFib, the atria beat irregularly and chaotically, while in atrial flutter, the atria beat in a regular, rapid pattern, often with a "sawtooth" appearance on an ECG.

small hole between the upper heart chambers; congenital anomaly

atrial septal defect

relating to the atrial and ventricular chambers of the heart, or the connection or coordination between them.

atrioventricular

Failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His).

atrioventricular block Atrioventricular (AV) block is a heart condition where the electrical signals that control the heart's rhythm are delayed or blocked from reaching the ventricles (the heart's lower chambers).

Specialized conductive tissues (muscle fibers) in the wall between the ventricles, connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them.

atrioventricular bundle or bundle of His

Specialized conductive tissue in the wall between the two atria. Electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker (SA node) through the AV node and the atrioventricular bundle or bundle of His toward the ventricles.

atrioventricular node (AV node)

One of two upper chambers of the heart.

atrium (plural: atria)

Listening for sounds in the chest and abdomen using a stethoscope.

auscul`tation`

# abbreviation meaning AV, A-V

`a`trio`v`entricular; `arterio`venous

# abbreviation meaning AVR

`a`ortic` v`alve `r`eplacement

axill/o

armpit

Damage to the heart valves from infection form. Antibiotics can cure ____

bacterial endocarditis

# abbreviation meaning BBB

`b`undle `b`ranch `b`lock

drug used to reduce the `force and speed` of the heartbeat and to lower blood pressure; Treats angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias.

beta blocker Beta-blockers reduce heart rate and contractility, while ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, leading to vasodilation.

Device enabling ventricles to beat together (in synchrony) so that more blood is pumped out of the heart.

biventricular pacemaker

Blood flow is decreased ____ or stopped entirely, death ____of a part of the myocardium.

ischemia & necrosis

# abbreviation meaning BNP

`b`rain `n`atriuretic `p`eptide; blood test that measures levels of a protein elevated in congestive heart failure

measures BNP in blood a peptide elevated in patients with heart failure

BNP test

# abbreviation meaning BP

`b`lood `p`ressure

brachi/o

arm

Artery that carries blood to the arm.

brachial artery

brady-

slow

condition of slow heartbeat; Slower than 60 beats per minute. Normal pulse is about 60-100 beats per minute. Brady- means slow.

bradycardia

Failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His). Damage to the SA node may cause its impulses to be too weak to activate the AV node and impulses fail to reach the ventricles. The heart beats slowly and bradycardia results. If the failure occurs only occasionally, the heart misses a beat in a rhythm at regular intervals (partial heart block). If no impulses reach the AV node from the SA node, the ventricles contract slower than the atria and are not coordinated. This is complete heart block.

bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)

Abnormal blowing or swishing sound (murmur) heard during auscultation of an artery or organ. It is the turbulent flow of blood through a vessel. A thrill, which is a vibration felt on palpation of the chest, often accompanies a murmur.

bruit (BRU-e) Bruit is heard with a stethoscope, while a thrill is felt with the fingertips.

Atrioventricular bundle.

bundle of His

is a biomarker of inflammation.

`C`-`r`eactive `p`rotein (CRP)

# abbreviation meaning CABG

`c`oronary `a`rtery `b`ypass `g`rafting / grafting (cardiovascular surgery)

# abbreviation meaning CAD

`c`oronary `a`rtery `d`isease

Arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become clogged and blocked with deposits of fatty material and cholesterol (plaque). Leading to ischemia. Disease of the arteries surrounding the heart.

coronary artery disease (CAD)

CAD usually is the result of ____. This is the deposition of fatty compounds on the inner lining of the coronary arteries (any other artery can be similarly affected). The ordinarily smooth lining of the artery becomes roughened as the atherosclerotic plaque collects in the artery.

atherosclerosis.

Cardiovascular drug used to treat chest pain (angina) and high blood pressure (hypertension). It dilates blood vessels by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels.

calcium channel blocker

`smallest` blood vessel

capillary

Gas produced in tissue cells when oxygen and food combine; It is a wast product exhaled through the lungs and a product of catabolism

carbon dioxide (CO2)

cardi/o

heart

Sudden unexpected `stoppage` of heart; sudden `cardiac death`

cardiac arrest

`Chemicals` are measured in the blood as evidence of a `heart` attack; measurement of troponin-T and troponin-I after myocardial infarction

cardiac biomarkers

- A `catheter` (tube) is inserted into an artery or vein and threaded into the `heart` chambers. Contrast can be injected to take x-ray pictures, patterns of blood flow can be detected, and blood pressures can be measured.

cardiac catheterization

Images of the `heart` are produced with `magnetic waves`.

cardiac MRI

overcomes arrhythmias and keeps the heart beating at the proper rate with leads in the right atrium and right ventricle enable it to sense and pace in both heart chambers.

Cardiac pacemaker

Cardiac surgeons perform an open heart operation called ____ by bypassing clogged arteries with saphenous vein grafts (from large superficial veins in legs) or with arterial grafts (from the breast arteries or radial artery). Interventional cardiologists perform percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), in which catheterization with balloons and stents opens clogged coronary arteries.

coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

Pressure (compression)on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space.

cardiac tamponade

- circulatory failure due to poor heart function; Results from failure of the heart in its pumping action. the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, leading to a drop in blood pressure and a reduction in oxygen and nutrients reaching vital organs. This can quickly lead to organ failure and death if not treated promptly.

cardiogenic shock

enlargement of the heart:

cardiomegaly

disease condition of heart muscle:

cardiomyopathy

Treatment for serious arrhythmias using brief discharges of electricity to shock the heart so that a normal rhythm can begin; defibrillation.

Cardioversion

Two common carotid arteries located on each side of the neck branch from the aorta and provide blood to head, neck, and brain. The word carotid comes from a Greek word meaning stupor because pressure on these arteries produced unconsciousness.

carotid arteries

neck artery

carotid artery

is a procedure to `remove` plaque buildup `in` the `carotid` `arter`y to reduce risk of stroke.

Carotid endarterectomy

# abbreviation meaning Cath

catheter; catheterization

brief delivery of radiofrequency energy or extreme cold (cryoablation) to destroy (ablate) areas of heart tissue for treating arrhythmias. It is a Minimally invasive treatment

catheter ablation

# abbreviation meaning CCTA

`c`oronary `c`omputed `t`omography `a`ngiography

# abbreviation meaning CCU

`c`oronary `c`are `u`nit; `critical care unit`

# abbreviation meaning CHF

`c`ongestive `h`eart `f`ailure

Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood. Two types HFrEF and HFpEF

congestive heart failure (CHF)

These are smptoms of what? shortness of breath, exercise intolerance, and fluid retention. Pulmonary edema (fluid accumulation in the lungs) and swelling or pitting edema in the legs, feet, and ankles are common. Treatment includes lowering dietary intake of sodium and the use of diuretics to promote fluid loss.

CHF

Structural heart defects (abnormalities) in the heart at birth.

congenital heart disease

cholesterol/o

cholesterol (a lipid substance)

# abbreviation meaning CK

`c`reatine `k`inase; enzyme released after injury to heart muscles

Pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest.

claudication characterized by muscle pain during activity due to lack of oxygen that is relieved by rest. It's typically a sign of peripheral artery disease (PAD)

# abbreviation meaning CoA

`co`arctation of the `a`orta a birth defect where the aorta, the main artery carrying oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body, is narrowed or constricted. This narrowing, which often occurs near where the arteries to the upper body branch off, can lead to a higher blood pressure in the arms and head, and lower blood pressure in the legs and lower body.

congenital narrowing (coarctation) of the large artery (aorta) leading from the heart; reduces the supply of blood to the lower part of the body. Surgical treatment consists of removal of the constricted region and end-to-end anastomosis of the aortic segments.

coarctation of the aorta (CoA)

coron/o

heart (crown or circle)

pertaining to the heart

coronary

Branches (blood vessels) of the aorta bringing oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.These arteries come down over the top of the heart like a crown (corona)

coronary arteries

Arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages and bring blood supply to the myocardium

coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

# abbreviation meaning CPR

`c`ardio`p`ulmonary `r`esuscitation

# abbreviation meaning CRT

`c`ardiac `r`esynchronization` t`herapy; biventricular pacing and defibrillation devices

biventricular pacing to correct serious abnormal ventricular rhythms

CRT

CTA

`c`omputed `t`omography `a`ngiography (CTA)

- X-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries obtained using CT technology.

CT angiography (CTA)

# abbreviation meaning `CTNI` or cTnI; `CTNT `or cTnT

`c`ardiac `t`ropo`n`in-`I` and cardiac `t`roponin-`T`; troponin is a protein released into the bloodstream after myocardial injury

cardiac serum enzyme test for myocardial infarction

cTnl or cTnT

Damaged heart muscle releases proteins into the bloodstream that are used to diagnose heart attack or myocardial infarction.The substances tested for are . Troponin is a heart muscle protein released into circulation after myocardial injury. Newer assays are more sensitive and are called high-sensitivity troponin-I or -T.

troponin-I (cTnl) and troponin-T (cTnT)

cyan/o

blue

abnormal condition of bluish coloration of the skin, owing to deficient oxygen in the blood. An infant with this is known as "blue baby"

cyanosis

de-

lack of; down; less; removal of

Brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation). A application of an elecrical shock. Defibrillation stops electrical activity in the heart for a brief moment so that normal rhythm takes over.

defibrillation

Blood that is oxygen-poor.

deoxygenated blood

# abbreviation meaning DES

`d`rug-`e`luting `s`tent

- Stents are expandable slotted tubes that are placed in arteries during PCI. They release polymers that prevent plaque from reforming.

drug-eluting stent (DES) Drug-eluting stents (DES) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

relaxation phase of the heartbeat:

diastole

- Video equipment and a computer produce x-ray pictures of blood vessels by taking two pictures (without and with contrast) and subtracting the first image (without contrast) from the second.

digital subtraction angiography

A drug that treats arrhythmias and increases the strength and regularity of the heartbeat

digoxin

is a splitting or `dissection` of the wall of the `aorta` by blood entering a *tear or hemorrhage within the walls of the vessel.*

dissecting aortic aneurysm

# abbreviation meaning DOAC

`d`irect `o`ral `a`nti`c`oagulant drug

are medications that directly inhibit the clotting process, preventing blood clots from forming. They are a viable alternative to older anticoagulants like warfarin and heparin, offering advantages such as fewer monitoring requirements and predictable effects; such as apixaban (Eliquis), edoxaban (Savaysa), dabigatran (Pradaxa), and rivaroxaban (Xarelto)

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs)

- An instrument that focuses sound waves on a blood vessel to measure blood flow.

Doppler ultrasound

aprin, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, Calcium channel blockers, and statins

drugs to prevent CAD and ACS's

# abbreviation meaning DSA

`d`igital `s`ubtraction `a`ngiography

combines Doppler and conventional ultrasound to allow physicians to image the structure of blood vessels and measure the speed of blood flow.

Duplex ultrasound

# abbreviation meaning DVT

`d`eep `v`ein `t`hrombosis

Blood clot (thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb (leg). This condition may result in a pulmonary embolism (clot travels to the lung) if not treated effectively.

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

dys-

bad; painful; difficult; abnormal

`Abnormal` heart beat

dysrhythmia

# abbreviation meaning ECG; also seen as EKG

`e`lectro`c`ardio`g`ram

Record of the electrical activity of the heart. (The electricity is represented by waves or deflections called P, QRS, or T.)

electrocardiogram

Recording of electricity flowing through the heart.

electrocardiography (ECG)

# abbreviation meaning ECHO

echocardiography

cardiac `imaging` using sound waves to show the structure and movement of the heart.

echocardiography (ECHO)

# abbreviation meaning ECMO

`e`xtra`c`orporeal `m`embrane `o`xygenation

A form of extracorporeal life support, technique using heart-lung machine to divert blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is being repaired

ECMO

blood pools in the lower parts of the leg and fluid leaks from distended small capillaries

edema and pigmented skin

# abbreviation meaning EF

`e`jection `f`raction; measure of the amount of blood that pumps out of the heart with each beat

measures the amount of blood the left ventricle of the heart pumps out to your body with each heartbeat. In HFrEF, the left ventricle does not pump enough blood, and in HFpEF the ejection fraction is in normal range.

Ejection fraction

Electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early coronary artery disease (CAD).

electron beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT)

removal of a clot that has traveled into a blood vessel and suddenly caused occlusion

embolectomy

`parachute`-like filters used to capture `embolic` `d`ebris during stenting of the carotid artery in the neck or saphenous vein grafts in the leg.

Embolic protection devices

clots that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly block a blood vessel

embolus; pl. emboli

`surgical removal` of plaque from the `inner` lining of an `artery`

endarterectomy

endo-

in; within

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

endocarditis

Inner lining of the heart.

endocardium

Innermost lining of blood vessels.

endothelium

st`e`nt gr`a`ft procedu`r`e

endovascular aneurysm repair or EVAR.

# abbreviation meaning EPS

`e`lectro`p`hysiology `s`tudy; electrode catheters inserted in veins and threaded into the heart to measure electrical conduction (tachycardias are provoked and analyzed)

high blood pressure in arteries when the etiology is idiopathic (due to no apparent cause).

essential hypertension

# abbreviation meaning ETT

`e`xercise `t`olerance `t`est

procedure to determine the heart ’ s response to physical exertion (stress)

ETT

# abbreviation meaning ETT-MIBI

exercise tolerance test combined with a radioactive tracer (sestamibi) scan

radioactive test of heart function with stress test

ETT-MIBI

# abbreviation meaning EVAR

`e`ndo`v`ascular `a`neurysm `r`epair

- A heart-lung machine is used to divert blood from the heart and lungs during surgery. The machine oxygenates the blood and sends it back into the bloodstream.

extracorporeal circulation

thigh (femur) artery

femoral artery

# abbreviation meaning FFR

`f`ractional `f`low `r`eserve

A special wire is also used to measure and determine the impact of a coronary artery blockage on blood flow.

fractional flow reserve (FFR)

rapid, random, ineffectual, and irregular contractions of the heart

fibrillation

Rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria.

flutter

For acute attacks of angina, ____ is given sublingually (under the tongue). This drug, one of several called nitrates, is a vasodilator that increases coronary blood flow and lowers blood pressure. Nitrates also produce venodilation to reduce venous return and decrease myocardial oxygen consumption, both of which help decrease the work of the heart.

nitroglycerin

is the most common contrast agent used for MRI procedures.

Gadolinium

# abbreviation meaning HDL

`h`igh-`d`ensity` l`ipoprotein; high blood levels mean lower incidence of coronary artery disease

Failure of proper conduction of impulses through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle. Abnormal heart rhythm where the heart beats too slowly (bradycardia) because of interruption of electrical signals.

heart block

Donor heart is transferred to a recipient.

heart transplantation

is connected to the patient’s circulatory system during open heart surgery to relieve the heart and lungs of pumping and oxygenation functions during surgery.

heart-lung machine

Swollen, twisted veins in the rectal region are called -

hemorrhoids

# abbreviation meaning HFpEF

`h`eart `f`ailure with `p`reserved `e`jection `f`raction

# abbreviation meaning HFrEF

`h`eart `f`ailure with `r`educed `e`jection `f`raction

- A compact version of an electrocardiograph is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias.

Holter monitoring

# abbreviation meaning hsCRP

`h`igh-`s`ensitivity `C`-`r`eactive `p`rotein; biomarker for inflammation in prediction of heart attack risk

is useful in predicting risk for heart attack, stroke, or other major heart disease.

High-sensitivity CRP (Hs-CRP)

# abbreviation meaning HTN

`h`yper`t`ensio`n` (high blood pressure)

High blood pressure. Most high blood pressure is essential hypertension, with no identifiable cause.

hypertension (HTN)

hyper-

above; excessive

high levels of cholesterol in the blood:

hypercholesterolemia

high blood pressure affecting the heart

hypertensive heart disease

One type of cardiomyopathy is —abnormal thickening of heart muscle, usually in the left ventricle. The ventricle has to work harder to pump blood. The condition may be inherited or develop over time because of high blood pressure or aging. Often the cause is unknown (idiopathic).

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

excessive development of the wall of the right lower heart chamber; Myocardium works harder to pump blood through a narrowed pulmonary artery.

hypertrophy of the right ventricle

hypo-

deficient; below; under; less than normal

condition deficiency of oxygen in tissues.

hypoxia

# abbreviation meaning IABP

`i`ntra-`a`ortic `b`alloon `p`ump; supports patients in cardiogenic shock

# abbreviation meaning ICA

`i`nvasive `c`oronary `a`ngiography

# abbreviation meaning ICD

`i`mplantable `c`ardioverter-`d`efibrillator

small electric device implanted in the chest that senses and corrects arrhythmias by shocking the heart

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)

Area of dead tissue.

infarction

brings blood from the lower half of the body to the heart

inferior vena cava

inter-

between

The wall of the heart between the right and the left atria is the

interatrial septum

absence of pain or discomfort in a leg at rest, but pain, tension, and weakness after walking has begun

intermittent claudication

Wall between the ventricles of the heart.

interventricular septum

isch/o

hold back; back

Condition of holding back blood from an organ or tissue.

ischemia

ischemia and infarction are produced by

coronary artery occlusion

# abbreviation meaning IVUS

`i`ntra`v`ascular `u`ltra`s`ound

imaging technique

intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)

# abbreviation meaning LAA

`l`eft `a`trial `a`ppendage

# abbreviation meaning LAAC

`l`eft `a`trial `a`ppendage `c`losure

# abbreviation meaning LAD

`l`eft `a`nterior `d`escending (`coronary artery`)

# abbreviation meaning LBBB

`l`eft `b`undle `b`ranch `b`lock; (a form of heart block)

# abbreviation meaning LDL

`l`ow-`d`ensity` l`ipoprotein; high levels lead to cholesterol in arteries and is associated with heart disease

a procedure used to reduce the risk of blood clots from the left atrial appendage entering the bloodstream and causing a stroke in those with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. (watchman)

Left atrial appendage closure (LAAC)

Booster pump implanted in the abdomen with a tube inserted into the left ventricle. An LVAD is a “bridge to transplant” or destination therapy when heart transplantation is impossible.

Left ventricular assist device (LVAD)

Measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample.

lipid tests (lipid profile)

separation of HDL and LDL from a blood sample . Lipoproteins (combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated in a blood sample. Examples of lipoproteins are HDL (high-density lipoprotein) and LDL (low-density lipoprotein).

lipoprotein electrophoresis

low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). High levels of LDL are associated with atherosclerosis. The National Guideline for LDL is less than 130 mg/dL in normal persons and less than 70 mg/dL in patients with CAD, PAD, and diabetes mellitus. High levels of HDL protect adults from atherosclerosis. Factors that increase HDL are exercise and alcohol consumption in moderation.

lipoproteins

# abbreviation meaning LMWH

`l`ow-`m`olecular-`w`eight `h`eparin

# abbreviation meaning LV

`l`eft `v`entricle

# abbreviation meaning LVAD

`l`eft `v`entricular `a`ssist `d`evice

booster pump implanted in the abdomen with a cannula leading to the heart as a “bridge to transplant”

LVAD

# abbreviation meaning LVEF

`l`eft `v`entricular `e`jection `f`raction

# abbreviation meaning LVH

`l`eft `v`entricular `h`ypertrophy

is a type of MRI that gives highly detailed images of blood vessels. Physicians use MRA to view arteries and blockage inside arteries.

`M`agnetic `r`esonance `a`ngiography (MRA)

# abbreviation meaning MI

`m`yocardial `i`nfarction; `m`itral `i`nsufficiency

backflow of blood into the left atrium

mitral regurgitation

narrowing of the mitral valve:

mitral stenosis

Valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve.

mitral valve

- inflammation of the mitral valve

mitral valvulitis

# abbreviation meaning MUGA

multiple-gated `a`cquisition scan of the heart; a radioactive test of heart function

Abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of the heart valves. Extra heart sound, heard between normal beats.

murmur

# abbreviation meaning MVP

`m`itral `v`alve `p`rolapse

improper closure of the mitral valve between the left atrium and ventricle. It enlarges and prolapses into the left atrium during systole

`m`itral `v`alve `p`rolapse (`MVP`)

myx/o

mucus

the death of living tissue or cells within the body.

necrosis

Benign tumor of connective tissue in the heart muscle.

myxoma

Drugs used in the treatment of angina. They dilate blood vessels, increasing blood flow and oxygen to myocardial tissue.

nitrates

Nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina (chest pain).

nitroglycerin

a blood clot that doesn't completely block blood flow in a blood vessel.

nonocclusive thrombus

Heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a rate in patients at rest of 60 to 100 beats per minute.

normal sinus rhythm

# abbreviation meaning NSR

`n`ormal `s`inus `r`hythm of heart

a type of heart attack where there is partial or incomplete blockage of a coronary artery, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart and potential damage. It's a less severe heart attack than ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)

NSTEMI

# abbreviation meaning NSTEMI

`n`on-`ST` `e`levation `m`yocardial `i`nfarction (MI)

# abbreviation meaning NT-proBNP

`N`-`t`erminal `pro`-peptide of `BNP`

Closure of a blood vessel due to blockage.

occlusion

a blood clot that completely blocks blood flow through a blood vessel. This can lead to serious complications like ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction if it occurs in the brain or heart, respectively

occlusive thrombous

imaging techniques that evaluate the severity of vessel narrowing.

`o`ptical `c`oherence `t`omography (OCT)

oral anticoagulant used to prevent or treat thromboembolic diseases.

warfarin

(pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle and the aorta from the right ventricle) cause cyanosis and hypoxia as well. Surgical correction of TGA involves an arterial switch procedure (pulmonary artery and aorta are reconnected in their proper positions).

Other congenital conditions such as transposition of the great arteries (TGA)

ox/o

oxygen

Gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells.

oxygen

# abbreviation meaning PAC

`p`remature `a`trial `c`ontraction

a small, battery-operated device implanted in the chest to regulate a person's heartbeat.

pacemaker

Specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat. An artificial cardiac pacemaker is an electronic apparatus implanted in the chest to stimulate heart muscle that is weak and not functioning.

pacemaker (sinoatrial node)

# abbreviation meaning PAD

`p`eripheral `a`rterial `d`isease

blockage of arteries in the lower extremities;legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs. A sign of PAD in the lower extremities is intermittent claudicationand the etiology is atherosclerosis

`p`eripheral `a`rterial `d`isease (PAD)

a physical examination technique that involves using your hands to feel the body and determine the condition of underlying organs or tissues. It helps assess size, c

palpation

Uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs).

palpitations

irregular heartbeats occur periodically and episodically

paroxysmal AF

open, unobstructed, or clear. It is used to describe a passage or vessel that is not blocked or narrowed.

patent

# abbreviation meaning PCI

`p`ercutaneous `c`oronary` i`ntervention

insertion of a balloon-tipped catheter and stents into a coronary artery

PCI

# abbreviation meaning PDA

`p`atent `d`uctus `a`rteriosus

a duct between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, which normally closes soon after birth, remains open

patent ductus arteriosus

# abbreviation meaning PE

`p`ulmonary `e`mbolus

- A balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place.

`p`ercutaneous `c`oronary` i`ntervention (PCI)

peri-

surrounding

pericardi/o

pericardium (sac surrounding heart)

Scraping or grating noise heard on auscultation of the heart; suggestive of pericarditis.

pericardial friction rub

surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pericardial space

pericardiocentesis

inflammation of the sac (membrane, pericardium) surrounding the heart

pericarditis

Double-layered sac-like membrane surrounding the heart.

pericardium

irregular heartbeats contine indefinitely) much greater risk for stroke.because ineffective atrial contractions can lead to the formation of blood clots in the left atrial appendage that may trabel to the brain.

permanent or persistent AF

Small, pinpoint hemorrhages.

petechiae

phleb/o

vein

inflammation of a vein:

phlebitis

- incision of a vein

phlebotomy

a type of swelling where an indentation, or pit, remains on the skin after applying pressure, typically on the lower extremities. It's a sign that the body has excess fluid retention

pitting edema

when the fibrous cap that covers the plaque breaks open or "rupture." This is what causes most heart attacks. When a plaque breaks open, it causes a blood clot to form inside the artery. As the clot grows, it can completely block off the flow of blood through the artery. That means that the tissue on the other end of the clogged artery does not get the blood and oxygen it needs, so it gets damaged or dies.

plaque rupture

(of vegetable origin, such as corn and safflower oil) decrease blood cholesterol.

polyunsaturated fats

back of the knee artery

popliteal artery

a skin or tissue graft derived from a pig, used as a temporary or permanent replacement in human medical procedures

porcine xenograft

Images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose.

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

pulmon/o

lung

Artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs.

pulmonary artery

narrowing of the artery leading to the lungs from the heart -

pulmonary artery stenosis

Flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

pulmonary circulation

fluid accumulation in the lungs

Pulmonary edema

If a thrombus becomes loosened from its place in the vein, it can travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism) and block a blood vessel there.

pulmonary embolism

Valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.

pulmonary valve

carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

pulmonary vein

is a type of cardiac ablation.

Pulmonary vein isolation

Beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries.

pulse

# abbreviation meaning PVC

`p`remature `v`entricular `c`ontraction

Recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes. This is a rare disorder of unknown cause that affects blood flow in arteries. Caused by a temporary constriction of arterioles

Raynaud disease (Raynaud’s)

# abbreviation meaning RBBB

`r`ight `b`undle `b`ranch `b`lock

are 2 common types of heart block. They involve delay or failure of impulses A3traveling through the right and left bundle branches to the ventricles.

Right and left bundle branch block

RFA

`R`adio`f`requency `a`blation - catheter delivery of a high-frequency current to damage a small portion of the heart muscle and reverse an abnormal heart rhythm

Heart disease caused by rheumatic fever.

rheumatic heart disease

rrhythm/o

rhythm

# abbreviation meaning SA, S-A node

`s`ino`a`trial `node`; (pacemaker of the heart)

from large superficial veins in legs

saphenous vein grafts

(of animal origin, such as milk, butter, and meats) increase cholesterol in the blood

Saturated fats

# abbreviation meaning SCD

`s`udden `c`ardiac `d`eath

high blood pressure related to kidney disease or caused by another associated lesion, such as glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, or vascular disease (for example, renal artery stenosis), or disease of the adrenal glands.

secondary hypertension

Small holes in the wall between the atria (atrial septal defects) or the ventricles (ventricular septal defects). Although many septal defects close spontaneously, others require open heart surgery to close the hole between heart chambers, or they may be repaired through minimally invasive surgery, using a catheter inserted through a blood vessel leading to the heart.

septal defects

Partition or wall dividing a cavity; such as between the right and left atria (interatrial septum) and right and left ventricles (interventricular septum).

septum (plural: septa)

# abbreviation meaning SGLT-2 inhibitors

`s`odium-`gl`ucose co`t`ransporter-`2` `inhibitors`

The artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to the body (aorta) is shifted toward the right side of the heart. It should be on the left side. In this condition, the aorta sits over the ventricular septal defect.

Shift of the aorta to the right.

is circulatory failure associated with inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to body tissues.

Shock

Thallium studies

show the viability of heart muscle. Infarcted or scarred myocardium shows up as “cold spots.”

Pacemaker of the heart.

sinoatrial node (SA node)

# abbreviation meaning SOB

`s`hortness `o`f `b`reath

# abbreviation meaning SPECT

`s`ingle `p`hoton `e`mission `c`omputed `t`omography; used for myocardial imaging with sestamibi scans

sphygm/o

pulse

- instrument to measure blood pressure

sphygmomanometer

Drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream.They reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular death

statins

# abbreviation meaning STEMI

`ST e`levation `m`yocardial `i`nfarction; type of acute coronary syndrome

expandable slotted metal tubes that serve as permanent scaffolding devices

Stents

steth/o

chest

- instrument to listen to sounds within the chest

stethoscope

Exercise tolerance test (ETT) determines the heart’s response to physical exertion (stress). Measurement of the heart ’ s response to physical exertion (patient monitored while jogging on a treadmill)

stress test

brings oxygen-poor blood into the heart from the upper parts of the body

superior vena cava

involves rapid beats coming from the atria (above the ventricles) and causing palpitation (abnormal sensations in the chest). Tachy- means fast.

`S`upra`v`entricular` t`achycardia (`SVT`)

# abbreviation meaning SVT

`s`upra`v`entricular `t`achycardia; rapid heartbeats from atria, causing palpitations, SOB, and dizziness

Flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues.

systemic circulation

The contractive phase of the heartbeat is called

systole

tachy-

fast

condition of rapid heartbeat; Faster than 100 beats per minute.

tachycardia

# abbreviation meaning TAVR

`t`ranscatheter `a`ortic `v`alve `r`eplacement

a nuclear medicine imaging technique used for various diagnostic purpouses, especially related to the heart.

technetium Tc99m sestamibi scan

# abbreviation meaning TEE

`t`rans`e`sophageal `e`chocardiography

ultrasound imaging of the heart using transducer within the esophagus

TEE

electronic transmission of data—tele/o means distant

telemetry

tetra-

four

congenital malformation involving four distinct separate heart defects. The four defects are: pulmonary artery stenosis, ventricular septal defect, shift of the aorta to the right, and hypertrophy of the right ventrical. These problems result in cyanotic, or blue, skin on babies because of a lack of oxygen

tetralogy of Fallot

# abbreviation meaning TEVAR

`t`horacic `e`ndo`v`ascular `a`neurysm `r`epair

# abbreviation meaning TGA

`t`ransposition of the `g`reat `a`rteries

intravenous injection of a radioactive thallium is measured to give information about blood supply to the heart muscle. Thallium studies show the viability of heart muscle. Infarcted or scarred myocardium shows up as “cold spots.”

thallium 201 scan

Vibration felt on physical examination of the chest; a palpable (murmur) vibration or sensation felt on the skin over an area of turbulent blood flow.

thrill

thromb/o

clot

breakdown of a clot

thrombolysis

- Treatment with drugs (streptokinase and tPA) to dissolve clots after a heart attack.

thrombolytic therapy

inflammation of a vein, often in connection with a blood clot (thrombus)

thrombophlebitis

blood clots that block a blood vessel, leading to reduced blood flow and potential damage to tissues or organs. They can occur in both arteries and veins.

Thromboses

Blockage of a vessel or coronary artery by a clot is a

thrombotic occulsion

# abbreviation meaning tPA

`t`issue-type `p`lasminogen `a`ctivator; a drug used to prevent thrombosis

restore blood flow to the heart and limit irreversible damage to heart muscle. The drugs are given within 12 hours after the onset of a heart attack.

`T`issue `p`lasminogen `a`ctivator (`tPA`) and `streptokinase`

Placement of a balloon-expandable or self-expanding aortic heart valve into the body via a catheter.

`t`ranscatheter `a`ortic `v`alve `r`eplacement (`TAVR`)

a transducer placed in the esophagus provides ultrasound and Doppler information. This technique detects cardiac masses, prosthetic valve function, aneurysms, and pericardial fluid.

`t`rans`e`sophageal `e`chocardiography (`TEE`)

a stroke

`t`ransient `i`schemic `a`ttack (`TIA`)

What is the treatment for - Aortic stenosis?

aortic valve replacement

What is the treatment for - Congenital hole in the wall of the upper chamber of the heart

atrial septal defect repair

What is the treatment for -Disabling angina and extensive coronary atherosclerosis despite medical therapy

coronary artery bypass grafting

What is the treatment for - Peripheral vascular disease

femoral-popliteal bypass grafting

What is the treatment for - Atherosclerotic occlusion of a main artery leading to the head

left carotid endarterectomy

What is the treatment for - Congestive heart failure

left ventricular assist device

What is the treatment for - Protrusion of the wall of a lower heart chamber

LV aneurysmectomy

What is the treatment for - Heart block

pacemaker implantation

What is the treatment for - Cardiac tamponade (ﬂuid in the space surrounding the heart)

pericardiocentesis

what diagnosis uses - sclerosing injections and laser treatment

Varicose veins

tri-

three

Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle; it has three (tri-) leaflets, or cusps.

tricuspid valve

Two types of heart failure

heart failure with reduced ejection fraction heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).

# abbreviation meaning UA

`u`nstable `a`ngina; chest pain at rest or of increasing frequency

(chest pain at rest or chest pain of increasing frequency)

unstable angina

Structure in veins or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so that blood flows in only one direction.

valve

incision of a heart valve

valvotomy

valvul/o, valv/o

valve

surgical repair of a valve; A balloon-tipped catheter dilates a cardiac valve.

valvuloplasty

When damaged valves in veins fail to prevent the backflow of blood, a condition (swollen, twisted vein) that results is -

varicose veins

Pertaining to a vein.

venous

vas/o

vessel; duct; vas deferens

vascul/o

vessel (blood)

anything related to blood vessels.

vascular

- narrowing of a vessel

vasoconstriction

- widening of a vessel

vasodilation

lesions from bacterial endocarditis that resembling cauliflower; Abnormal growths or masses (warty-like projections) clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells found on diseased heart valves.

vegetations

Thin-walled vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs back to the heart. Veins contain valves to prevent backflow of blood.

vein

ven/o, ven/i

vein

Largest vein in the body. The superior and inferior venae cavae return blood to the right atrium of the heart.

vena cava (plural: venae cavae)

Also known as phlebotomy; or to start an intravenous infusion or take a blood sample from a vein

venipuncture

a small surgical incision to permit access to a collapsed vein; Used when standard methods like percutaneous venipuncture (e.g., putting a needle in a vein) have failed.

venous cutdown

One of two lower chambers of the heart.

ventricle

ventricul/o

ventricle, lower heart chamber

small vein

venule

# abbreviation meaning VF

`v`entricular `f`ibrillation

electrical impulses move randomly throughout the ventricles. This life-threatening situation may result in sudden cardiac death or cardiac arrest (sudden stoppage of heart movement) unless help is provided immediately. If treatment is immediate, VF can be interrupted with defibrillation (application of an electrical shock). Defibrillation stops electrical activity in the heart for a brief moment so that normal rhythm takes over.

`v`entricular` f`ibrillation (VF)

The inner lining of the pericardium, closely enveloping the heart, is the

visceral pericardium (the outer lining is the parietal pericardium)

# abbreviation meaning VSD

`v`entricular `s`eptal `d`efect

gap (hole) in the wall (ventricular septum) between the ventricles -

`v`entricular `s`eptal `d`efect

# abbreviation meaning VT

`v`entricular `t`achycardia; (an abnormal heart rhythm)

a fast heart rhythm that originates in the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart).

`v`entricular `t`achycardia (VT)

a medical device implanted into the heart to seal off the left atrial appendage (LAA), a small pouch of heart tissue where blood clots are more likely to form. This procedure, known as left atrial appendage closure (LAAC), reduces the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AFib) by preventing blood clots from traveling to the brain.

watchman device

# abbreviation meaning WPW

`W`olff-`P`arkinson-`W`hite syndrome; abnormal ECG pattern associated with paroxysmal tachycardia

Ch 11 Heart Flashcards

(418 cards)