Ch 6.1

Question 1

Diaphysis

Answer 1

Center portion of bone. Composed primarily of compact bone with a hollow center

Question 2

Medullary cavity

Answer 2

The hollow center of the Diaphysis. Some spongy bone lines the medullary cavity.

Question 3

Epiphyses

Answer 3

Ends of long bone. Mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone

Question 4

Sinuses

Answer 4

within some flat and irregular bones of skull, air fill spaced lined by mucous membranes

Question 5

Centers of ossification

Answer 5

locations in membrane where ossification begin. These centers expand to form bone by gradually ossifying the membrane. Centers have oldest bone and expanding edges have newest bone

Question 6

Fontanels

Answer 6

Aka soft spots, have more membrane and have not yet been ossified.

Question 7

Cartilage model

Answer 7

Hyaline cartilage from which bone will be formed

Question 8

Bone collar

Answer 8

Compact bone, produced by Osteoblasts, on the surface of the cartilage model

Question 9

Hypertrophy

Answer 9

Aka Enlarge

increase or growth of cells

Question 10

Calcified cartilage

Answer 10

When hydroxyapatite is made in the cartilage

Question 11

Primary ossification center

Answer 11

First area of bone to start ossifying

Question 12

Secondary ossification center

Answer 12

are created in the epiphyses (ends of bones)

Question 13

Endosteum

Answer 13

A membrane lining the inner surface of the bony wall

Question 14

Vitamin D

Answer 14

Necessary for normal absorption of calcium from intestines.

Body can ingest or synthesis vit D

Rate of synthesis increases when exposed to sunlight

Question 15

Rickets

Answer 15

Disease in children with insufficient vit D. Creates bowed bones and inflamed joints

Question 16

Osteomalacia

Answer 16

Aka adult rickets

A softening of bone tissues due to calcium depletion

Question 17

Vitamin C

Answer 17

Necessary for Osteoblasts to synthesize collagen

Question 18

Scurvy

Answer 18

Vit C deficiency marked by ulceration and hemorrhage in any area of body

Question 19

Growth horomone

Answer 19

Secreted by anterior pituitary, increases general tissue growth, overall bone growth

Question 20

Thyroid hormones’

Answer 20

Also required for normal growth of all tissues. Decrease in hormones’ can result in smaller individuals

Question 21

Reproductive hormones

Answer 21

Also regulate bone growth, cause ossification at epiphyseal plates

Question 22

Bone remodeling

Answer 22

Osteoclast remove old bone and Osteoblast deposit new bone

Converts woven bone into lamellar bone

Question 23

Basic multicellular unit BMU

Answer 23

temporary assembly of osteoclasts and osteoblasts that travel through or across bone, these cells remove old bone matrix and replace with new bone matrix

Question 24

Hemotoma

Answer 24

a localized mass of blood released from blood vessels but confined within an organ or space.

Question 25

Callus

Answer 25

mass of bone tissue that forms at a fracture site

Question 26

External callus

Answer 26

Encircles the break and connects the broken ends of the bone

Question 27

Internal callus

Answer 27

forms between the ends of the broken bone, as well in marrow cavity if fracture occurs in diaphysis

Question 28

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)

Answer 28

cell to cell communication molecule

Question 29

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB (RANK)

Answer 29

receptor, expressed in the plasma membrane of both undifferentiated and differentiated osteoclasts

Question 30

Osteoprotegerin

Answer 30

regulatory molecule, prevents osteoclast differentiation by preventing RANKL binding to RANK

Question 31

Open fracture

Answer 31

End of fractured bone protrudes through open wound

Question 32

Displaced fracture

Answer 32

Ends of fractured bone move so they are no longer aligned

Question 33

Spiral fracture

Answer 33

Helical fracture from twisting bone

Question 34

Comminuted fracture

Answer 34

Results in at least 3 bone fragments, occurs in patients with weakened bodies or severe accidents. Often requires a surgically placed pin

Question 35

Greenstick fracture

Answer 35

Fracture with break on one side and bend on other side. Typical in younger children due to larger amounts of collagen