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Bio 223 > Exam 3 review > Flashcards

Exam 3 review Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the muscles 4 major functional properties?

A

Contractility, Excitability, Extensibility, Elasticity

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2
Q

What does it mean for a muscle to have “contractility”?

A

The ability of muscle cells to forcefully shorten

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3
Q

What does it mean for a muscle to have “excitability”?

A

The ability to respond to a stimulus, which may be delivered from a motor neuron or a hormone

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4
Q

What does it mean for a muscle to have “Extensibility”?

A

the ability of a muscle to be stretched

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5
Q

What does it mean for a muscle to have “elasticity”?

A

The ability to return to normal length after a stretch

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6
Q

Where is the EPIMYSIUM in the muscle cell?

A

dense irregular connective tissue which covers the entire muscle

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7
Q

Where and what is the PERIMYSIUM on a muscle cell?

A

connective tissue that groups muscle fibers into bundles or fascicles

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8
Q

Where and what is ENDOMYSIUM in muscle cell?

A

connective tissue that surrounds a muscle cell

* key element that separates single muscle fibers from one another.

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9
Q

How do muscles grow bigger?

A

Hypertrophy - increase in diameter more proteins in cell (myofibrils sarcomeres and nuclei from satellite cells)

*Connective tissue and sarcoplasmic hypertrophy

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10
Q

What is Titan?

A

Protein that gives muscles ability to stretch and recoil

Z disk to M line

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11
Q

What are the 3 proteins that make up actin?

A

Globular
Actin
Troponin

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12
Q

Where is Ca2+ stored in muscle fiber?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

What are 3 important properties of myosin heads?

A
  1. Bind to actin
  2. Can bend and straighten during contraction
  3. Heads are ATPase which break down ATP
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14
Q

Neurotransmitters can bind to what and cause what?

A

Ligand gated ion channels and inhibit or excite an action potential

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15
Q

From muscle to myofilament, describe the components large to small

A

Muscle -> Fascicles ->Muscle fiber/cell -> myofibrils -> myofilaments

Myofibril is numerous sarcomeres

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16
Q

What are the 4 phases of contraction and relaxation?

A
  • *Excitation** - Nerve action potentials lead to muscle action potentials (presynaptic terminal to post)
  • *Excitation-contraction coupling** - Action potentials in sarcolemma (release of Ca2+ that binds to troponin) that lead to activation of myofilaments
  • *Contraction -** Myosin attaches to action and power stroke (contraction)
  • *Relaxation -** Muscle fiber relaxes and returns to original length
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17
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A point where a nerve fiber meets its target cell (could be another neuron or effector such as a gland or skeletal muscle)

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18
Q

What are the 2 major gated ion channels in skeletal muscles?

A

Ligand and voltage gated channels

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19
Q

When does depolarization start?

A

When threshold is met, then Na2+ gated channels open (more postive)

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20
Q

When does repolarization start?

A

Between 30-40mv, in this range voltage gated Ca2+ close and K+ open (more negative)

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21
Q

What does acetylcholinesterase do?

A

Its an enzyme attached to post synaptic membrane, removes ACH from synaptic cleft by breaking it down into acetic acid and choline

(Choline goes back into presynaptic terminal with Ca2+ to be recycled and acetic acid diffuses away)

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22
Q

What is spastic paralysis?
Aka - Tetanus / lockjaw

A

A state of continual contraction

when something binds with acetylcholinesterase and prevents it from degrading ACH

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23
Q

What is flaccid paralysis?

Botox

A
  • State in which muscles cannot contract
  • Blocks release of ACH
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24
Q

What parts of the sarcomere move and get smaller during a muscle contraction?

A

Z disks move inward, I bands and H zone get smaller

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25
What are 3 ATP dependent events required for muscle relaxation?
1. Na+/K+ pump actively moves ions to restore RMP 2. Detach myosin heads from action 3. Return Ca2+ to sarcoplasmic reticulum
26
What are the 3 phases of myogram?
Lag Contraction Relaxation
27
What is the lag or latent phase of a muscle twitch?
The **time between the activation of a motor neuron until the muscle contraction occurs** 1-2msec
28
What is the contraction phase of a muscle twitch?
Cross bridges form, sarcomeres shorten and muscle contracts 20msec
29
What is the Relaxation phase of a muscle twitch?
Myosin releases from action and the tension decreases. Ca2+ is transported back into sarcoplasmic reticulum This phase is the longest
30
What are 2 major types of muscle contraction?
ISOTONIC ISOMETRIC
31
What is an ISOMETRIC contraction?
SAME LENGTH, change in tension Example, Holding a dumbbell static. Picking up something that is too heavy
32
What is an ISOTONIC contraction?
SAME TENSION, change in length Maintain constant tension as the muscle changes length Ex. bicep curl
33
What is treppe?
**Staircase effect.** the gradual increase in muscular contraction following rapidly repeated stimulation
34
What is wave summation
**stimulating a muscle cell before it has relaxed from a previous stimulus**
35
What is the difference between incomplete and complete tetanus?
**Incomplete tetanus has a relaxation phase during contractions and complete tetanus does not have a relaxation phase during contractions**
36
What are concentric contractions?
Muscle shortening as it maintains tension, to move a load Lifting a backpack
37
What are eccentric contractions?
Muscle lengthens as it maintains tension, lowering a load
38
How many power strokes can happen per sec?
5 each stroke utilized 1 ATP
39
What are the 2 ways to increase the force of a muscle contraction?
Summation - stimulating before it relaxes Recruitment - different motor units are activated
40
What are slow twitch muscle fibers?
- Contract slowly / can work for a long time - Aerobic respiration (Oxygen) - Lots of blood vessels and mitochondria - Rich in myoglobin which gives reddish color
41
What are fast twitch muscle fibers?
- Contract quickly - Tire very quickly / doesn't last long - Anaerobic respiration -Fewer mitochondria, blood vessels and myoglobin which gives them a whitish color
42
What are the 3 sources that produce ATP?
**_-Creatine phosphate_** - which donates a phosphate to ADP = ATP **_-Lactic acid fermentation under anaerobic conditions_** - Glycolysis → 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH → 2 pyruvate produce 2 lactic acid (2 ATP) **_-Aerobic respiration_** - Requires oxygen. Glycolysis→ Pyruvate→Citric acid cycle→ electron transport chain → (36 ATP)
43
What are the 3 sources that produce ATP?
**_-Creatine phosphate_** - (no oxygen - 10 sec) which donates a phosphate to ADP = ATP **_-Lactic acid fermentation under anaerobic conditions_** - (no oxygen - 3 min) Glycolysis → 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH → 2 pyruvate produce 2 lactic acid (2 ATP) **_-Aerobic respiration_** - (Requires oxygen - hours) Glycolysis→ Pyruvate→Citric acid cycle→ electron transport chain → (36 ATP)
44
What are the 3 types of muscle fatigue?
Psychological - perceives that cant do it Muscular - ATP depletion Synaptic - lack of ACH
45
What is creatine kinase?
Transfers a phosphate from creatine to ADP = ATP
46
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?
- Spindle shaped - Single nuclei centrally located - Gap junctions join some together - More action than myosin - T tubules are called **_Caveolae_** - Z disks are **_dense bodies_**
47
What is the process of smooth muscle contraction?
1. Hormones' binds with receptor → activates G protein which opens calcium channel 2. Ca2+ then binds to calmodulin 3. This activates myosin kinase which adds a phosphate to myosin which can bind to actin
48
How does smooth muscle relax?
Myosin phosphatase will come in and remove the P from myosin head and it will relax
49
What is an agonist muscle?
Muscle that contracts or shortens aka Prime mover
50
What is an antagonist muscle?
- opposite the agonist - Relaxes and lengthens as agonist shortens and contracts Can control speed of movement
51
What is a synergist?
Other muscles that work together with prime mover to cause a movement Prime mover - plays major role in accomplishing movement Fixators - Stabilize a joint / prevent movement of origin
52
What pattern of fascicle is the picture?
Convergent aka triangular The origin (attachment to fixed bone) is wider than the point of insertion Ex. pectoralis major
53
What pattern of fascicle is in this picture? definition and example
Circular Sphincter to help regulate an opening ex. eye
54
What pattern of fascicle is in this picture? definition and example
Fusiform **A muscle that has a shape of spindle**, which is being wider in the middle and narrowing towards both ends Ex. biceps brachii
55
What pattern of fascicle is in this picture? definition and example
Parallel ## Footnote **Fascicles that run parallel to one another** **Ex. Sternocleidomastoid**
56
What pattern of fascicle is in this picture? definition
Unipennate ## Footnote **the muscle fibers or fascicles are all in one side of the tendon**
57
**What pattern of fascicle is in this picture? definition and example**
Bipennate ## Footnote **in which the fibers converge from both sides to a central tendon**
58
**What pattern of fascicle is in this picture? definition**
Multipennate fascicles that insert on multiple tendons tapering towards a common tendon, like multiple feathers converging on a central point.
59
What are the characteristics used to name muscles?
Location, size, shape, orientation of fascicles, origin and insertion, number of heads, function
60
What is a lever Fulcrum Weight/resistance
* *Lever** is rigid shaft or bone * *Fulcrum** is pivot point or joint * *Weight** is force of gravity of body or object being moved
61
What is a class I lever?
Seesaw Fulcrum between force and weight
62
What is a class II lever?
Weight is between fulcrum and pull Wheelburrow
63
What is a class III lever?
Pull located between fulcrum and weight Person using a shovel \*most numerous and most powerful
64
Where on the axon is dense with voltage gated ion channels?
Axon hill lock Nodes of Ranvier
65
What is the somatic sensory division?
Carries signals from receptors in skin, muscles, bones and joints
66
What is the visceral sensory division?
Carries signals from the viscera of thoracic and abdominal cavities
67
What is the sensory afferent division?
Carries signals from various receptors to CNS
68
What is the motor efferent division?
Carries signals from CNS to effectors
69
What is the somatic motor division
CNS to skeletal muscle
70
What is the visceral / automonic division?
CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle or glands
71
What is spatial summation?
**occurs as stimuli are applied simultaneously but in different areas**.
72
What is temporal summation?
**Successive stimuli on one nerve**
73
What is IPSP?
Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential Makes more negative // away from action potential \*GABA / glycine / Cl- or K+ (hyperpolarization)
74
What is EPSP?
Excitatory Post synaptic Potential \*Brings potential less negative and more likely to fire an action potential *Glutamine / Acetacholine / Na+ channel opens*
75
What is Autorhythmicity
Generating its own rhythm //on its own without outside stimulus
76
What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers?
* *_TYPE 1 - Slow oxidative (SO)_** - Contract slowly and use aerobic respiration * *_TYPE 2A - Fast oxidative (FO)_** - Contract fast and use aerobic respiration/ more prone to fatigue * *_TYPE 2 B- Fast glycolic (FG)_** - Fast contractions and use anaerobic glycolysis (fatigue more quickly)

Bio 223 (37 decks)

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