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Bio 223 > Exam 3 review > Flashcards

Exam 3 review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the muscles 4 major functional properties?

A

Contractility, Excitability, Extensibility, Elasticity

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2
Q

What does it mean for a muscle to have “contractility”?

A

The ability of muscle cells to forcefully shorten

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3
Q

What does it mean for a muscle to have “excitability”?

A

The ability to respond to a stimulus, which may be delivered from a motor neuron or a hormone

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4
Q

What does it mean for a muscle to have “Extensibility”?

A

the ability of a muscle to be stretched

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5
Q

What does it mean for a muscle to have “elasticity”?

A

The ability to return to normal length after a stretch

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6
Q

Where is the EPIMYSIUM in the muscle cell?

A

dense irregular connective tissue which covers the entire muscle

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7
Q

Where and what is the PERIMYSIUM on a muscle cell?

A

connective tissue that groups muscle fibers into bundles or fascicles

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8
Q

Where and what is ENDOMYSIUM in muscle cell?

A

connective tissue that surrounds a muscle cell

* key element that separates single muscle fibers from one another.

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9
Q

How do muscles grow bigger?

A

Hypertrophy - increase in diameter more proteins in cell (myofibrils sarcomeres and nuclei from satellite cells)

*Connective tissue and sarcoplasmic hypertrophy

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10
Q

What is Titan?

A

Protein that gives muscles ability to stretch and recoil

Z disk to M line

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11
Q

What are the 3 proteins that make up actin?

A

Globular
Actin
Troponin

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12
Q

Where is Ca2+ stored in muscle fiber?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

What are 3 important properties of myosin heads?

A
  1. Bind to actin
  2. Can bend and straighten during contraction
  3. Heads are ATPase which break down ATP
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14
Q

Neurotransmitters can bind to what and cause what?

A

Ligand gated ion channels and inhibit or excite an action potential

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15
Q

From muscle to myofilament, describe the components large to small

A

Muscle -> Fascicles ->Muscle fiber/cell -> myofibrils -> myofilaments

Myofibril is numerous sarcomeres

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16
Q

What are the 4 phases of contraction and relaxation?

A
  • *Excitation** - Nerve action potentials lead to muscle action potentials (presynaptic terminal to post)
  • *Excitation-contraction coupling** - Action potentials in sarcolemma (release of Ca2+ that binds to troponin) that lead to activation of myofilaments
  • *Contraction -** Myosin attaches to action and power stroke (contraction)
  • *Relaxation -** Muscle fiber relaxes and returns to original length
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17
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A point where a nerve fiber meets its target cell (could be another neuron or effector such as a gland or skeletal muscle)

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18
Q

What are the 2 major gated ion channels in skeletal muscles?

A

Ligand and voltage gated channels

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19
Q

When does depolarization start?

A

When threshold is met, then Na2+ gated channels open (more postive)

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20
Q

When does repolarization start?

A

Between 30-40mv, in this range voltage gated Ca2+ close and K+ open (more negative)

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21
Q

What does acetylcholinesterase do?

A

Its an enzyme attached to post synaptic membrane, removes ACH from synaptic cleft by breaking it down into acetic acid and choline

(Choline goes back into presynaptic terminal with Ca2+ to be recycled and acetic acid diffuses away)

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22
Q

What is spastic paralysis?
Aka - Tetanus / lockjaw

A

A state of continual contraction

when something binds with acetylcholinesterase and prevents it from degrading ACH

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23
Q

What is flaccid paralysis?

Botox

A
  • State in which muscles cannot contract
  • Blocks release of ACH
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24
Q

What parts of the sarcomere move and get smaller during a muscle contraction?

A

Z disks move inward, I bands and H zone get smaller

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25
Q

What are 3 ATP dependent events required for muscle relaxation?

A
  1. Na+/K+ pump actively moves ions to restore RMP
  2. Detach myosin heads from action
  3. Return Ca2+ to sarcoplasmic reticulum
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26
Q

What are the 3 phases of myogram?

A

Lag
Contraction
Relaxation

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27
Q

What is the lag or latent phase of a muscle twitch?

A

The time between the activation of a motor neuron until the muscle contraction occurs

1-2msec

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28
Q

What is the contraction phase of a muscle twitch?

A

Cross bridges form, sarcomeres shorten and muscle contracts

20msec

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29
Q

What is the Relaxation phase of a muscle twitch?

A

Myosin releases from action and the tension decreases. Ca2+ is transported back into sarcoplasmic reticulum

This phase is the longest

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30
Q

What are 2 major types of muscle contraction?

A

ISOTONIC
ISOMETRIC

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31
Q

What is an ISOMETRIC contraction?

A

SAME LENGTH, change in tension

Example, Holding a dumbbell static. Picking up something that is too heavy

32
Q

What is an ISOTONIC contraction?

A

SAME TENSION, change in length

Maintain constant tension as the muscle changes length

Ex. bicep curl

33
Q

What is treppe?

A

Staircase effect.

the gradual increase in muscular contraction following rapidly repeated stimulation

34
Q

What is wave summation

A

stimulating a muscle cell before it has relaxed from a previous stimulus

35
Q

What is the difference between incomplete and complete tetanus?

A

Incomplete tetanus has a relaxation phase during contractions and complete tetanus does not have a relaxation phase during contractions

36
Q

What are concentric contractions?

A

Muscle shortening as it maintains tension, to move a load

Lifting a backpack

37
Q

What are eccentric contractions?

A

Muscle lengthens as it maintains tension, lowering a load

38
Q

How many power strokes can happen per sec?

A

5

each stroke utilized 1 ATP

39
Q

What are the 2 ways to increase the force of a muscle contraction?

A

Summation - stimulating before it relaxes
Recruitment - different motor units are activated

40
Q

What are slow twitch muscle fibers?

A
  • Contract slowly / can work for a long time
  • Aerobic respiration (Oxygen)
  • Lots of blood vessels and mitochondria
  • Rich in myoglobin which gives reddish color
41
Q

What are fast twitch muscle fibers?

A
  • Contract quickly
  • Tire very quickly / doesn’t last long
  • Anaerobic respiration

-Fewer mitochondria, blood vessels and myoglobin which gives them a whitish color

42
Q

What are the 3 sources that produce ATP?

A

-Creatine phosphate - which donates a phosphate to ADP = ATP

-Lactic acid fermentation under anaerobic conditions - Glycolysis → 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH → 2 pyruvate produce 2 lactic acid (2 ATP)

-Aerobic respiration - Requires oxygen. Glycolysis→ Pyruvate→Citric acid cycle→ electron transport chain → (36 ATP)

43
Q

What are the 3 sources that produce ATP?

A

-Creatine phosphate - (no oxygen - 10 sec) which donates a phosphate to ADP = ATP

-Lactic acid fermentation under anaerobic conditions - (no oxygen - 3 min) Glycolysis → 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH → 2 pyruvate produce 2 lactic acid (2 ATP)

-Aerobic respiration - (Requires oxygen - hours) Glycolysis→ Pyruvate→Citric acid cycle→ electron transport chain → (36 ATP)

44
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle fatigue?

A

Psychological - perceives that cant do it

Muscular - ATP depletion

Synaptic - lack of ACH

45
Q

What is creatine kinase?

A

Transfers a phosphate from creatine to ADP = ATP

46
Q

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

A
  • Spindle shaped
  • Single nuclei centrally located
  • Gap junctions join some together
  • More action than myosin
  • T tubules are called Caveolae
  • Z disks are dense bodies
47
Q

What is the process of smooth muscle contraction?

A
  1. Hormones’ binds with receptor → activates G protein which opens calcium channel
  2. Ca2+ then binds to calmodulin
  3. This activates myosin kinase which adds a phosphate to myosin which can bind to actin
48
Q

How does smooth muscle relax?

A

Myosin phosphatase will come in and remove the P from myosin head and it will relax

49
Q

What is an agonist muscle?

A

Muscle that contracts or shortens

aka Prime mover

50
Q

What is an antagonist muscle?

A
  • opposite the agonist
  • Relaxes and lengthens as agonist shortens and contracts

Can control speed of movement

51
Q

What is a synergist?

A

Other muscles that work together with prime mover to cause a movement

Prime mover - plays major role in accomplishing movement
Fixators - Stabilize a joint / prevent movement of origin

52
Q

What pattern of fascicle is the picture?

A

Convergent aka triangular

The origin (attachment to fixed bone) is wider than the point of insertion

Ex. pectoralis major

53
Q

What pattern of fascicle is in this picture? definition and example

A

Circular

Sphincter to help regulate an opening

ex. eye

54
Q

What pattern of fascicle is in this picture? definition and example

A

Fusiform
A muscle that has a shape of spindle, which is being wider in the middle and narrowing towards both ends

Ex. biceps brachii

55
Q

What pattern of fascicle is in this picture? definition and example

A

Parallel

Fascicles that run parallel to one another

Ex. Sternocleidomastoid

56
Q

What pattern of fascicle is in this picture? definition

A

Unipennate

the muscle fibers or fascicles are all in one side of the tendon

57
Q

What pattern of fascicle is in this picture? definition and example

A

Bipennate

in which the fibers converge from both sides to a central tendon

58
Q

What pattern of fascicle is in this picture? definition

A

Multipennate

fascicles that insert on multiple tendons tapering towards a common tendon, like multiple feathers converging on a central point.

59
Q

What are the characteristics used to name muscles?

A

Location, size, shape, orientation of fascicles, origin and insertion, number of heads, function

60
Q

What is a
lever
Fulcrum
Weight/resistance

A
  • *Lever** is rigid shaft or bone
  • *Fulcrum** is pivot point or joint
  • *Weight** is force of gravity of body or object being moved
61
Q

What is a class I lever?

A

Seesaw
Fulcrum between force and weight

62
Q

What is a class II lever?

A

Weight is between fulcrum and pull
Wheelburrow

63
Q

What is a class III lever?

A

Pull located between fulcrum and weight

Person using a shovel

*most numerous and most powerful

64
Q

Where on the axon is dense with voltage gated ion channels?

A

Axon hill lock
Nodes of Ranvier

65
Q

What is the somatic sensory division?

A

Carries signals from receptors in skin, muscles, bones and joints

66
Q

What is the visceral sensory division?

A

Carries signals from the viscera of thoracic and abdominal cavities

67
Q

What is the sensory afferent division?

A

Carries signals from various receptors to CNS

68
Q

What is the motor efferent division?

A

Carries signals from CNS to effectors

69
Q

What is the somatic motor division

A

CNS to skeletal muscle

70
Q

What is the visceral / automonic division?

A

CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle or glands

71
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

occurs as stimuli are applied simultaneously but in different areas.

72
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

Successive stimuli on one nerve

73
Q

What is IPSP?

A

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential

Makes more negative // away from action potential

*GABA / glycine / Cl- or K+ (hyperpolarization)

74
Q

What is EPSP?

A

Excitatory Post synaptic Potential

*Brings potential less negative and more likely to fire an action potential

Glutamine / Acetacholine / Na+ channel opens

75
Q

What is Autorhythmicity

A

Generating its own rhythm //on its own without outside stimulus

76
Q

What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers?

A
  • *TYPE 1 - Slow oxidative (SO)** - Contract slowly and use aerobic respiration
  • *TYPE 2A - Fast oxidative (FO)** - Contract fast and use aerobic respiration/ more prone to fatigue
  • *TYPE 2 B- Fast glycolic (FG)** - Fast contractions and use anaerobic glycolysis (fatigue more quickly)

Bio 223 (37 decks)

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