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Bio 223 > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 types of general senses?

*Receptors distributed over a large part of the body

A

Somatic - located in skin, muscle, joints

Visceral - located in internal organs

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2
Q

What are the 5 somatic senses?

A

Touch

Pressure

Proprioception

Temperature

Pain

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3
Q

What are the 5 special senses?

*Receptors localized within specific organs

A

Smell

Taste

Sight

Hearing

Balance

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4
Q

What are the 6 receptors in the skin?

A

Free nerve ending - pain,temp,itch, proprioception

Merkel disc - light touch/pressure

Hair follicle - light touch /bending of hair

Meissner corpusles - 2 point discrimination

Ruffini end organ - continous touch, pressure, stretch

Pacinian corpuscle - deep pressure vibration proprioception

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5
Q

Sensory neuron uses a how many neuron system?

Ascending

A

3 neuron

Primary: PNS -> posterior horn

Secondary: Decussate, Spinothalamic tract -> thalamus

Tertiary: Thalamus ->somatic sensory cortex

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6
Q

What are the 4 sensory tracts?

A

Spinothalamic

Dorsal-Column/Medial-leminscal

Trigeminothalamic

Spinocerebelalr

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7
Q

What does the spinothalamic tract sense?

A

Pain, temp, light touch, pressure, tickle, itch

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8
Q

What does the dorsal-column/medial lemniscal tract sense?

A

2 point discrimination, proprioception, pressure, vibration

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9
Q

What are the 2 nuclei in the dorsal column / medial lemniscal tract?

A

Fasciculus gracilis: inferior to midthoracic

Fasiciculus cuteatus: above midthoracic

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10
Q

What does the Trigeminothalamic tract sense?

what cranial nerve is involved?

A

Pain, temp, light touch, pressure, tickle, itch, 2 point discrimination for face, nasal cavity, oral cavity

Cranial nerve V - trigeminal nerve

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11
Q

What does the Spinocerebellar tract sense?

A

Unconscious proprioceptive info

Goes straight to cerebellum

Posterior and anterior tracts

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12
Q

What areas of the brain do our senses go to?

A

Somatic sensory cortex = posterior to central sulcus

Taste - inferior end of postcentral sulcu

Olfactory = frontal lobe

Auditory = temporal lobe

Visual = occipital lobe

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13
Q

What is Wernickes and brocas area and what do they do?

A

Wernickes area - Sensory speech - understanding what is heard

Brocas area - sending messages to muscles to make sound

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14
Q

What is Aphasia?

A

Absent or defective speech or language comphrension. Caused by a lesion

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15
Q

Skeletal neuron uses a how many neuron system?

Decsending

A

2 neuron pathway

Upper motor: Premotor cortex->interneurons connect to lower motor neurons

Lower motor: Anterior gray horn -> PNS-> Skeletal muscles

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16
Q

What areas of the brain do our motor come from?

A

Precentral gyrus - primary motor

Premotor area - (anterior to primary motor) - where our motor function are organized before initiation

Prefrontal area - Motivation, foresight to plan and initiate, emotional behavior mood

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17
Q

What are the 2 motor nerve tracts?

A

Direct (decessates in pyramids): Muscle tone, speed and precision of skilled movements

Indirect: less precise movements

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18
Q

What are the 2 direct pathways for descending motor neurons?

A

Corticospinal (lateral and anterior): Movements below head

Corticobulbar: movements of head and neck

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19
Q

What are the 3 indirect pathways for descending motor neurons?

A

Rubrospinal: Red nucleus, regulates fine motor of distal part of upper limb

Vestibulospinal: Exterior muscles in trunk and proximal lower limbs, maintains upright posture

Reticulospinal: Maintenance of posture

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20
Q

What is the cerebellar comparator function?

A
  1. Decide what we want to do in primary motor cortex
  2. Tells cerebellum what it wants to do along with lower motor neuron
  3. Proprioceptive signals from skeletal muscles and joints to cerebellum convey info about muscles being moved
  4. Cerebellum modifies info from motor cortex
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21
Q

What are the reflexes in brainstem?

A

Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, sleep, swallowing, vomitting, coughing sneezing

also RAS

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22
Q

What is RAS?

A

Recieves input from Cranial nerves, ascending and descending pathways.

Wakefullness is maintained by info coming from eyes, ears and cerebral cortex

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23
Q

What are the 4 types of brainwaves?

A

Alpha: Resting state eyes closed

Beta: Intense mental activity

Theta: in adults with frustration or brain disorders, also in children

Delta: Deep sleep, infancy and severe brain disorders

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24
Q

A portion of the dorsal-column/medial lemniscal tract that carries proprioceptive sensations from the nerve endings in the feet and legs is called?

A

Fasciculus gracilis

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25
Which color represents the primary motor and sensory part of the brain?
Purple - Motor Yellow - Sensory
26
What is located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe?
Primary somatosensory cortex
27
What is the sequence of info flow in response to bitting into a slice of pizza?
Sensory receptor activated Impulse sent to CNS sensation Perception
28
What are the differences between Somatic and autonomic systems?
**_Somatic_** - things you can control - Sensory: Touch, pain, temp, proprioception, special senses - Motor: Skeletal muscles -1 motor neuron, uses ACH and is myelinated **_Autonomic_** - Things you cant control - Blood vessels, organs, glands - 2 motor neurons, uses ACH for pregang and either ACH or NE at effector. 2nd is not myelinated
29
What are the 2 divisions of the ANS?
**Sympthetic:** Fight or flight (max use of energy in best way possible) **Parasympathetic**: Rest and digest (calming down but ramping up digesting)
30
What is autonomic tone? What is sympathetic tone? What is parasympathetic tone?
normal background rate of activity that represents the balance of the 2 systems - Keep BV partaially constricted to maintain BP. Excites heart but inhibits digestive and urinary functions - Maintains smooth muscle tone in intestines and hold resting HR at 70-80 BPM. Slows heart and excites digestive and urinary functions. (does not work on BV)
31
What are the reflexes/nerves for Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions?
**Sympathetic** -Cardiac accelerator - increase heartrate, Vasomotor **Parasympathetic** -Vagus - lowers heartrate, gastric/intestional, defecation/urination, swallowing, coughing, baroreceptor
32
**_Sympathetic Division_** What is the AKA? Where are the short and long nerves? Pregang cell bodies are located where? Nerves exit SC where? Where do synpases happen?
Thoracolumbar Short pregang myelinated via white, long post gang unmyelinated via gray (unless splanchnic) pregang somas are located in lateral horn Nerves exit SC T1-L2 Some synpases happen at sympathetic chain others at Prevertebral ganglia (Splanchnic nerves)
33
What are the 4 routes for the Sympathetic division?
1. Synapse immediately with post gang 2. Travel up or down Sympathetic chain and synapse at different levels 3. Pass w/o synpasing and synapse at splanchnic nerve to prevertebral ganglion 4. Pass w/o synapsing and synapse at splanchnic nerve to prevertebral ganglion to adrenal medulla ***(secretes NE & E into the blood stream to prolong effects of Sympathetic division, wide reaching effects)*** \*in white ramus out gray ramus
34
**_Parasympathetic Division_** What is the AKA? Where are the short and long nerves? Pregang cell bodies are located where? Nerves exit SC where? Where do synpases happen?
Craniosacral divison long pregang myelinated, short post gang unmyelinated Cell bodies are located in 4 cranial nerves (Oculomotor III, Facial VII, Glossopharyngeal IX, Vagus X) and in lateral gray horn of sacral 2-4 Synapses happen in terminal ganglia or effector
35
**Sympathetic division** nerves neurotransmitter is what for Preganglionic neuron? Postganglionic neuron to most effector tissues? Postganglionic neuron to mose sweat glands?
ACH NE ACH
36
What does a adreneric receptor release/accept?
Release / Accept Norepinephrine Alpha - excitatory Beta - inhibitory
37
What does a Cholinergic receptor release/accept? What are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors?
Secrete ACH Nicotinic - Pregang & Muscarinic - Effector
38
How can different autonomic neurons have different effects?
By releasing different neurotransmitters and different types of receptors found on target cells
39
Why do the effects of Sympathetic last longer than Parasympathetic?
ACH released by parasympathetic is broken down quickly at synapse NE by sympathetic is reabsorbed by nerve, diffuses into adjacent tissues and passes into blood stream (Also released by adrenal medulla which can prolong effects)
40
What are the autonomic effects on glandular secretion?
indirect result of their effect on blood vessels Vasodilaion: increased blood flow = increased secretion Vasoconstriction: decreased blood flow = decreased secretion
41
What is the Enteric nervous system?
Regulation of activity of digestive tract Can operate on own but lets ANS know whats going on/ ANS can regulate as well Autonomic neurons affect responses of smooth muscle and glands
42
What are some higher level influences of brain on ANS?
Cerebrum/limbic- thought and emotions Hypothalamus - Interacts with cerebrum, limbic, brainstem, spinal cord, reg body temp Brainstem - controling pupil size, tears, salivation, coughing, swallowing, digestive, HR, BV and respiration Spinal cord - regulating defecation, urination, penile & clitoral erections and ejactulation
43
What is dual innervation?
When sympathetic and parasympatheic both go to the same effector Usually have opposite effect
44
What is single innervation?
by adjusting the frequency of action potential
45
Name the receptors below
Orange - free nerve endings Blue - Meissners corpuslce Green - Ruffini end organ Red - Pacinian corpuscle Purple - Hair follicle Yellow - Merkel disc
46
Collateral ganglia are unpaired ganglia located in the \_\_\_\_\_\_.
abdominopelvic cavity
47
What is the pathway for olfaction?
1. Odorants come into nose and diffuse into the mucous where there are olfactory hairs. 2. Odorants dissolve in muscous, bind to receptors on olfactory hairs which depolarizes cell and causes an action potential in olfactory neurons 3. Goes through olfactory tract to primary olfactory cortex in temporal lobe 4. Secondary destinations: hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, insula, orbitofrontal cortex \*Olfactory epithelium replaced every 2 months \*One receptor may bind to more than one type of receptor
48
What are the 4 forms of papillae for taste? Which one does not have taste buds?
Filiform - No taste buds Vallate - largest, least numerous. V shape. most taste buds Fungiform - mushroom Foliate - on sides of tounge, most sensitive taste buds. Decrease with age
49
What odorants act on nociceotors of trigeminal nerve?
Ammonia, menthol, chlorine, capsaicin of hot peppers
50
What are the 5 tastes? How often do taste buds replace?
Salty, Sweet, sour, bitter, umami every 10 days
51
What is the neuronal pathway for taste?
Secondary receptor!! 1. Tastant goes to taste pore and binds to taste hair 2. Causes an inflow of neurotransmitter, release synaptic vesicles to neuron which generates AP on sensory neuron 3. Pass through VII, IX, X and enter brainstem 4. then enter nucleus of tractus solitarius then synapse to the thalamus 5. From thalamus to insula
52
What is a thin transparent mucous membrane that lines eyelids and covers anterior surface of eyeball?
Conjunctiva
53
What are the 2 glands on your eyelashes?
Ciliary glands (modified sweat glands) Meibomian glands - sebum
54
What are the 3 tunics of they eye? and what structures are in each?
* *_Fibrous Tunic_** - Sclera: maintains shape, protects - Cornea: avascular, bends and refracts light * *_Vascular Tunic_** - Iris: Controls light entering pupil - Ciliary body: produces aqueous humor, control lens shape - Choroid: associated with sclera, thin & pigmented * *_Retina_** - Pigmented retina - reduce light - Sensory retina - rods & cones
55
Rods and cones are for what type of vision? where are they found?
* *_Rods_** - black & white vision, night vision. - Found over most of retina except fovea. More sensitve to light than cones - Rhodopsin-\> opsin&retinal - When not stimulated they are depolarized always sending a inhibtoyr signal, when light hits they hyperpolarize * *_Cones_** - Color vision and bright light - Mainly in fovea and macula - Iodopsin-\>blue, red, green
56
Where is the Anterior cavity and the posterior/Vitreous cavity? Where are the anterior/posterior chambers?
Anterior cavity: Lens forward (aqueous humor) Posterior cavity: lens backward (vitreous humor) Anterior chamber: Iris to cornea Posterior chamber: Lens to Iris
57
Where is aqueous humor made?
Ciliary body makes aqueous humor constantly virtous stay relatively the same your whole life
58
What is glucoma\>?
Increase in intraocular pressure aqueous humor does not drain and fills up chambers putting pressure
59
What is the lens of the eye?
Held by suspensory ligaments Changes shape Produce proteins called crystallines Transparent, biconvex
60
What is far point of vision and what is near point of vision?
Far point of vision: point which lens does not have to thicken. 20ft or more from eye Near point of vision: point at which changes occur in lens, size of pupil and distance between pupils. Closer than 20ft
61
What is Emetropia? Hyperopia? Myopia?
Normal Farsightedness - eye too short - focal point behind retina Nearsightedness - eye to long - focal point in front of retina
62
In the sensory retina what are the 3 layers of neurons?
Rods & Cones synapse with Bipolar cells (first order neuron) which synapses with ganglion cells (second order neuron) \*Only rods and cones produce visual images
63
What does Rhodopsin do?
Absorb light Bleaching when retinal dissociated from opsin
64
What is Presbyopia? Astigmatism? Retinal detachment? Cataract? Macular degeneration? Diabetes?
**_Presbyopia_** - age related loss of abiliy to focus/lens unflexible **_Astigmatism_** - cornea or lens not unifromly curved **_retinal detachment_** - **_Cataract_** - Lens fibers darken or get cloudy with age, fluid filled bubbles appear between fibers \*Induced by diabetes, smoking, drugs, UV, viruses **_Macular degeneration_** - aging - thining of macula **_Diabetes_** - damage to blood vessels of retina
65
What part of the ear is responsible for hearing and hearing and balance
**External** - *hearing* **Middle** - (auditory/eustachian tube, ossicles, Malleus, incus, stapes, windows) *hearing* **Inner** (Cochlea (hearing) & semicircular/vesibule (balance)- *hearing and balance*
66
Where is endolymph and perilymph?
Endolymph - in membranous labryrinth Perilymph - space between membrane and periosteum of labyrinth
67
What is the pathway for hearing? Vibration to AP
1. Vibration enters ear -\> vibrates tympanic membrane -\> vibrates malleous-\>Incus-\> stapes-\>Oval window 2. Oval window communicates with vestibule -\> Scala vestibuli (perilymph) -\>membranes (endolymph) -\> Scala tampani (perilymph) -\> round window 3. Vibrate hair cells in organ of corti and create an AP
68
What is the neuronal pathway for hearing?
Cochlear nerve sends info to Cochlear nucleus -\> inferior colliculi Thalamus -\> auditory cortex
69
What is Deafness? Conductive deafness? Sensorineural deafness?
**Deafness** - hearing loss **Conductive deafness** - Conditions that interfere with vibrations to inner ear (damaged tympanic membrane, otis media, blockage, ostosclerosis) **Sensorineural deafness** - death of hair cells or any nervous system elements (factory workers, musicians)
70
What is static equilibrium? Dynamic equilibrum?
**Static equilibrium** - the orientation of head when body is stationary * *Dynamic equilibrum** * *_Linear acceleration_** - when body is moving in a straight line (elevator) **_Angular acceleration_** - rotate - spinning in chair, car turning corner
71
Utricle has macula that detects \_\_\_\_\_\_movment Saccule has macula that dectect \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_movment What is Macula?
Utricle = horitontal (left to right) Saccula = veritcle (up and down) Gelatin mass weigthed by ottoliths which moves in response to gravity. then generates an AP
72
What is the neuronal pathway for balance?
Vestibular nerve -\> Vestibular nucleus send axons to cerebellum & motor nuclei & thalamus -\> Cortex

Bio 223 (37 decks)

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