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Bio 223 > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of general senses?

*Receptors distributed over a large part of the body

A

Somatic - located in skin, muscle, joints

Visceral - located in internal organs

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2
Q

What are the 5 somatic senses?

A

Touch

Pressure

Proprioception

Temperature

Pain

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3
Q

What are the 5 special senses?

*Receptors localized within specific organs

A

Smell

Taste

Sight

Hearing

Balance

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4
Q

What are the 6 receptors in the skin?

A

Free nerve ending - pain,temp,itch, proprioception

Merkel disc - light touch/pressure

Hair follicle - light touch /bending of hair

Meissner corpusles - 2 point discrimination

Ruffini end organ - continous touch, pressure, stretch

Pacinian corpuscle - deep pressure vibration proprioception

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5
Q

Sensory neuron uses a how many neuron system?

Ascending

A

3 neuron

Primary: PNS -> posterior horn

Secondary: Decussate, Spinothalamic tract -> thalamus

Tertiary: Thalamus ->somatic sensory cortex

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6
Q

What are the 4 sensory tracts?

A

Spinothalamic

Dorsal-Column/Medial-leminscal

Trigeminothalamic

Spinocerebelalr

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7
Q

What does the spinothalamic tract sense?

A

Pain, temp, light touch, pressure, tickle, itch

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8
Q

What does the dorsal-column/medial lemniscal tract sense?

A

2 point discrimination, proprioception, pressure, vibration

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9
Q

What are the 2 nuclei in the dorsal column / medial lemniscal tract?

A

Fasciculus gracilis: inferior to midthoracic

Fasiciculus cuteatus: above midthoracic

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10
Q

What does the Trigeminothalamic tract sense?

what cranial nerve is involved?

A

Pain, temp, light touch, pressure, tickle, itch, 2 point discrimination for face, nasal cavity, oral cavity

Cranial nerve V - trigeminal nerve

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11
Q

What does the Spinocerebellar tract sense?

A

Unconscious proprioceptive info

Goes straight to cerebellum

Posterior and anterior tracts

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12
Q

What areas of the brain do our senses go to?

A

Somatic sensory cortex = posterior to central sulcus

Taste - inferior end of postcentral sulcu

Olfactory = frontal lobe

Auditory = temporal lobe

Visual = occipital lobe

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13
Q

What is Wernickes and brocas area and what do they do?

A

Wernickes area - Sensory speech - understanding what is heard

Brocas area - sending messages to muscles to make sound

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14
Q

What is Aphasia?

A

Absent or defective speech or language comphrension. Caused by a lesion

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15
Q

Skeletal neuron uses a how many neuron system?

Decsending

A

2 neuron pathway

Upper motor: Premotor cortex->interneurons connect to lower motor neurons

Lower motor: Anterior gray horn -> PNS-> Skeletal muscles

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16
Q

What areas of the brain do our motor come from?

A

Precentral gyrus - primary motor

Premotor area - (anterior to primary motor) - where our motor function are organized before initiation

Prefrontal area - Motivation, foresight to plan and initiate, emotional behavior mood

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17
Q

What are the 2 motor nerve tracts?

A

Direct (decessates in pyramids): Muscle tone, speed and precision of skilled movements

Indirect: less precise movements

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18
Q

What are the 2 direct pathways for descending motor neurons?

A

Corticospinal (lateral and anterior): Movements below head

Corticobulbar: movements of head and neck

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19
Q

What are the 3 indirect pathways for descending motor neurons?

A

Rubrospinal: Red nucleus, regulates fine motor of distal part of upper limb

Vestibulospinal: Exterior muscles in trunk and proximal lower limbs, maintains upright posture

Reticulospinal: Maintenance of posture

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20
Q

What is the cerebellar comparator function?

A
  1. Decide what we want to do in primary motor cortex
  2. Tells cerebellum what it wants to do along with lower motor neuron
  3. Proprioceptive signals from skeletal muscles and joints to cerebellum convey info about muscles being moved
  4. Cerebellum modifies info from motor cortex
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21
Q

What are the reflexes in brainstem?

A

Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, sleep, swallowing, vomitting, coughing sneezing

also RAS

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22
Q

What is RAS?

A

Recieves input from Cranial nerves, ascending and descending pathways.

Wakefullness is maintained by info coming from eyes, ears and cerebral cortex

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23
Q

What are the 4 types of brainwaves?

A

Alpha: Resting state eyes closed

Beta: Intense mental activity

Theta: in adults with frustration or brain disorders, also in children

Delta: Deep sleep, infancy and severe brain disorders

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24
Q

A portion of the dorsal-column/medial lemniscal tract that carries proprioceptive sensations from the nerve endings in the feet and legs is called?

A

Fasciculus gracilis

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25
Q

Which color represents the primary motor and sensory part of the brain?

A

Purple - Motor

Yellow - Sensory

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26
Q

What is located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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27
Q

What is the sequence of info flow in response to bitting into a slice of pizza?

A

Sensory receptor activated

Impulse sent to CNS

sensation

Perception

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28
Q

What are the differences between Somatic and autonomic systems?

A

Somatic

  • things you can control
  • Sensory: Touch, pain, temp, proprioception, special senses
  • Motor: Skeletal muscles

-1 motor neuron, uses ACH and is myelinated

Autonomic

  • Things you cant control
  • Blood vessels, organs, glands
  • 2 motor neurons, uses ACH for pregang and either ACH or NE at effector. 2nd is not myelinated
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29
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the ANS?

A

Sympthetic: Fight or flight (max use of energy in best way possible)

Parasympathetic: Rest and digest (calming down but ramping up digesting)

30
Q

What is autonomic tone?

What is sympathetic tone?

What is parasympathetic tone?

A

normal background rate of activity that represents the balance of the 2 systems

  • Keep BV partaially constricted to maintain BP. Excites heart but inhibits digestive and urinary functions
  • Maintains smooth muscle tone in intestines and hold resting HR at 70-80 BPM. Slows heart and excites digestive and urinary functions. (does not work on BV)
31
Q

What are the reflexes/nerves for Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions?

A

Sympathetic

-Cardiac accelerator - increase heartrate, Vasomotor

Parasympathetic

-Vagus - lowers heartrate, gastric/intestional, defecation/urination, swallowing, coughing, baroreceptor

32
Q

Sympathetic Division

What is the AKA?

Where are the short and long nerves?

Pregang cell bodies are located where?

Nerves exit SC where?

Where do synpases happen?

A

Thoracolumbar

Short pregang myelinated via white, long post gang unmyelinated via gray (unless splanchnic)

pregang somas are located in lateral horn

Nerves exit SC T1-L2

Some synpases happen at sympathetic chain others at Prevertebral ganglia (Splanchnic nerves)

33
Q

What are the 4 routes for the Sympathetic division?

A
  1. Synapse immediately with post gang
  2. Travel up or down Sympathetic chain and synapse at different levels
  3. Pass w/o synpasing and synapse at splanchnic nerve to prevertebral ganglion
  4. Pass w/o synapsing and synapse at splanchnic nerve to prevertebral ganglion to adrenal medulla (secretes NE & E into the blood stream to prolong effects of Sympathetic division, wide reaching effects)

*in white ramus out gray ramus

34
Q

Parasympathetic Division

What is the AKA?

Where are the short and long nerves?

Pregang cell bodies are located where?

Nerves exit SC where?

Where do synpases happen?

A

Craniosacral divison

long pregang myelinated, short post gang unmyelinated

Cell bodies are located in 4 cranial nerves (Oculomotor III, Facial VII, Glossopharyngeal IX, Vagus X) and in lateral gray horn of sacral 2-4

Synapses happen in terminal ganglia or effector

35
Q

Sympathetic division nerves neurotransmitter is what for

Preganglionic neuron?

Postganglionic neuron to most effector tissues?

Postganglionic neuron to mose sweat glands?

A

ACH

NE

ACH

36
Q

What does a adreneric receptor release/accept?

A

Release / Accept Norepinephrine

Alpha - excitatory

Beta - inhibitory

37
Q

What does a Cholinergic receptor release/accept?

What are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors?

A

Secrete ACH

Nicotinic - Pregang

& Muscarinic - Effector

38
Q

How can different autonomic neurons have different effects?

A

By releasing different neurotransmitters and different types of receptors found on target cells

39
Q

Why do the effects of Sympathetic last longer than Parasympathetic?

A

ACH released by parasympathetic is broken down quickly at synapse

NE by sympathetic is reabsorbed by nerve, diffuses into adjacent tissues and passes into blood stream (Also released by adrenal medulla which can prolong effects)

40
Q

What are the autonomic effects on glandular secretion?

A

indirect result of their effect on blood vessels

Vasodilaion: increased blood flow = increased secretion

Vasoconstriction: decreased blood flow = decreased secretion

41
Q

What is the Enteric nervous system?

A

Regulation of activity of digestive tract

Can operate on own but lets ANS know whats going on/ ANS can regulate as well

Autonomic neurons affect responses of smooth muscle and glands

42
Q

What are some higher level influences of brain on ANS?

A

Cerebrum/limbic- thought and emotions

Hypothalamus - Interacts with cerebrum, limbic, brainstem, spinal cord, reg body temp

Brainstem - controling pupil size, tears, salivation, coughing, swallowing, digestive, HR, BV and respiration

Spinal cord - regulating defecation, urination, penile & clitoral erections and ejactulation

43
Q

What is dual innervation?

A

When sympathetic and parasympatheic both go to the same effector

Usually have opposite effect

44
Q

What is single innervation?

A

by adjusting the frequency of action potential

45
Q

Name the receptors below

A

Orange - free nerve endings

Blue - Meissners corpuslce

Green - Ruffini end organ

Red - Pacinian corpuscle

Purple - Hair follicle

Yellow - Merkel disc

46
Q

Collateral ganglia are unpaired ganglia located in the ______.

A

abdominopelvic cavity

47
Q

What is the pathway for olfaction?

A
  1. Odorants come into nose and diffuse into the mucous where there are olfactory hairs.
  2. Odorants dissolve in muscous, bind to receptors on olfactory hairs which depolarizes cell and causes an action potential in olfactory neurons
  3. Goes through olfactory tract to primary olfactory cortex in temporal lobe
  4. Secondary destinations: hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, insula, orbitofrontal cortex

*Olfactory epithelium replaced every 2 months

*One receptor may bind to more than one type of receptor

48
Q

What are the 4 forms of papillae for taste?

Which one does not have taste buds?

A

Filiform - No taste buds

Vallate - largest, least numerous. V shape. most taste buds

Fungiform - mushroom

Foliate - on sides of tounge, most sensitive taste buds. Decrease with age

49
Q

What odorants act on nociceotors of trigeminal nerve?

A

Ammonia, menthol, chlorine, capsaicin of hot peppers

50
Q

What are the 5 tastes?

How often do taste buds replace?

A

Salty, Sweet, sour, bitter, umami

every 10 days

51
Q

What is the neuronal pathway for taste?

A

Secondary receptor!!

  1. Tastant goes to taste pore and binds to taste hair
  2. Causes an inflow of neurotransmitter, release synaptic vesicles to neuron which generates AP on sensory neuron
  3. Pass through VII, IX, X and enter brainstem
  4. then enter nucleus of tractus solitarius then synapse to the thalamus
  5. From thalamus to insula
52
Q

What is a thin transparent mucous membrane that lines eyelids and covers anterior surface of eyeball?

A

Conjunctiva

53
Q

What are the 2 glands on your eyelashes?

A

Ciliary glands (modified sweat glands)

Meibomian glands - sebum

54
Q

What are the 3 tunics of they eye? and what structures are in each?

A
  • *Fibrous Tunic**
  • Sclera: maintains shape, protects
  • Cornea: avascular, bends and refracts light
  • *Vascular Tunic**
  • Iris: Controls light entering pupil
  • Ciliary body: produces aqueous humor, control lens shape
  • Choroid: associated with sclera, thin & pigmented
  • *Retina**
  • Pigmented retina - reduce light
  • Sensory retina - rods & cones
55
Q

Rods and cones are for what type of vision?

where are they found?

A
  • *Rods**
  • black & white vision, night vision.
  • Found over most of retina except fovea. More sensitve to light than cones
  • Rhodopsin-> opsin&retinal
  • When not stimulated they are depolarized always sending a inhibtoyr signal, when light hits they hyperpolarize
  • *Cones**
  • Color vision and bright light
  • Mainly in fovea and macula
  • Iodopsin->blue, red, green
56
Q

Where is the Anterior cavity and the posterior/Vitreous cavity?

Where are the anterior/posterior chambers?

A

Anterior cavity: Lens forward (aqueous humor)

Posterior cavity: lens backward (vitreous humor)

Anterior chamber: Iris to cornea
Posterior chamber: Lens to Iris

57
Q

Where is aqueous humor made?

A

Ciliary body makes aqueous humor constantly

virtous stay relatively the same your whole life

58
Q

What is glucoma>?

A

Increase in intraocular pressure

aqueous humor does not drain and fills up chambers putting pressure

59
Q

What is the lens of the eye?

A

Held by suspensory ligaments

Changes shape

Produce proteins called crystallines

Transparent, biconvex

60
Q

What is far point of vision and what is near point of vision?

A

Far point of vision: point which lens does not have to thicken. 20ft or more from eye

Near point of vision: point at which changes occur in lens, size of pupil and distance between pupils. Closer than 20ft

61
Q

What is Emetropia?

Hyperopia?

Myopia?

A

Normal

Farsightedness - eye too short - focal point behind retina

Nearsightedness - eye to long - focal point in front of retina

62
Q

In the sensory retina what are the 3 layers of neurons?

A

Rods & Cones synapse with Bipolar cells (first order neuron) which synapses with ganglion cells (second order neuron)

*Only rods and cones produce visual images

63
Q

What does Rhodopsin do?

A

Absorb light

Bleaching when retinal dissociated from opsin

64
Q

What is
Presbyopia?

Astigmatism?

Retinal detachment?

Cataract?

Macular degeneration?

Diabetes?

A

Presbyopia - age related loss of abiliy to focus/lens unflexible

Astigmatism - cornea or lens not unifromly curved

retinal detachment -

Cataract - Lens fibers darken or get cloudy with age, fluid filled bubbles appear between fibers
*Induced by diabetes, smoking, drugs, UV, viruses

Macular degeneration - aging - thining of macula

Diabetes - damage to blood vessels of retina

65
Q

What part of the ear is responsible for hearing and hearing and balance

A

External - hearing

Middle - (auditory/eustachian tube, ossicles, Malleus, incus, stapes, windows) hearing

Inner (Cochlea (hearing) & semicircular/vesibule (balance)- hearing and balance

66
Q

Where is endolymph and perilymph?

A

Endolymph - in membranous labryrinth

Perilymph - space between membrane and periosteum of labyrinth

67
Q

What is the pathway for hearing?

Vibration to AP

A
  1. Vibration enters ear -> vibrates tympanic membrane -> vibrates malleous->Incus-> stapes->Oval window
  2. Oval window communicates with vestibule -> Scala vestibuli (perilymph) ->membranes (endolymph) -> Scala tampani (perilymph) -> round window
  3. Vibrate hair cells in organ of corti and create an AP
68
Q

What is the neuronal pathway for hearing?

A

Cochlear nerve sends info to Cochlear nucleus -> inferior colliculi

Thalamus -> auditory cortex

69
Q

What is

Deafness?

Conductive deafness?

Sensorineural deafness?

A

Deafness - hearing loss

Conductive deafness - Conditions that interfere with vibrations to inner ear (damaged tympanic membrane, otis media, blockage, ostosclerosis)

Sensorineural deafness - death of hair cells or any nervous system elements (factory workers, musicians)

70
Q

What is static equilibrium?

Dynamic equilibrum?

A

Static equilibrium - the orientation of head when body is stationary

  • *Dynamic equilibrum**
  • *Linear acceleration** - when body is moving in a straight line (elevator)

Angular acceleration - rotate - spinning in chair, car turning corner

71
Q

Utricle has macula that detects ______movment

Saccule has macula that dectect _________movment

What is Macula?

A

Utricle = horitontal (left to right)

Saccula = veritcle (up and down)

Gelatin mass weigthed by ottoliths which moves in response to gravity. then generates an AP

72
Q

What is the neuronal pathway for balance?

A

Vestibular nerve -> Vestibular nucleus send axons to cerebellum & motor nuclei & thalamus -> Cortex

Bio 223 (37 decks)

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