Final exam Flashcards

Question

What is adipose connective tissue? Fiber types Cells? Found?

Answer 1

Loose connective tissue Fiber types: Lipid Cells: adipocytes Found: Mammary glands, around kidneys

Answer 2

loose connective tissue Fiber type: Reticular cells:Leukocytes Found: within lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

Answer 3

Dense connective tissue Pulled in one direction Fiber type: tigh bundles of collagen fibers Cells: Fiberblast Locations: Tendons (muscles to bone) & ligaments

Answer 4

Dense connective tissue Withstanding stretch in all directions Fibers: Collagen Cells: fibroblast Found: dermis of skin, organ capsules

Answer 5

Cartilage Function: allows growth of long bones, allows rigidity with some flexibility, forms flexible articulating surfaces Fiber types: Collagen fibers Cells: chondrocytes Found: Costal cartilage of ribs, ariculating surface of bones, embryonic skeleton

Answer 6

Cartilage Function: Somewhat flexible, able to withstand pressure, connects structures Fiber types: Collagen Cells: Chondrocytes Found: Intervertebral discs, articular discs

Answer 7

Bone Function: Provides strenths and support Fiber type: Hard bony matrix Cells: Osteocytes in lacuna Found: Outer portion of bones, shaft of long bones \*OSTEON \*CANALICULI \*LAMALLAE

Answer 8

Bone Function: Provide strenth and support without the weight Fiber types: Network of trabeculae with spaces inbetween Cells: Osteocytes in lacunae Found: Interior of bones, ends of long bones

Answer 9

Blood - connective tissue Function: Transports oxygen, carbon dixode, nutrients, waste, temp regulation, protection from infection Fiber types: Plasma Cells: Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets Found: Within blood vessels Homeopoetic tissue: Red / Yellow bone marrow

Answer 10

Moves body Attached to bones Long cylindracal Yes Yes Yes

Answer 11

Major force for moving blood in heart Cylindrical cells that branch Yes - Striated Involuntary Single nucleus \*IINTERCULATED DISC \*GAP JUNCTIONS

Answer 12

Moves food through digestive tract, regulates blood vessel diameter, changes in pupil size, contracts glands, moves hair Found: Walls of hallow organs, blood vessels, glands, eyes, skin Cell shape: Spindle shaped Striations: no Control: no Multinucleate: Single \*HAS GAP JUNCTIONS

Answer 13

Function: Transmit infro to and from CNS Found: Brain, spinal cord, ganglia Cells: Neurons, neurogila

Answer 14

**Mucous:** lines cavities that open to the outside of the body. Secretes mucous. Found in respiratory, digestive, reproductive **Serous:** Lines cavities not open to exterior. Pericardial, pleural, peritoneal **Synovial:** Line freely movable joints, produce fluid rich in hylaronic acid

Answer 15

**Keratinocytes** - produce keratin / strength **Melanocytes** - Melanin **Langerhans cells** - immune / present antigens to lymphocytes **Merkel cells** - detect light touch

Answer 16

**Stratum corneum** - 25+ layers dead/cornified cells **Stratum lucidum** - only in thick skin, Clear **Stratum ganulosum** - Contains keratohylain protein, cells die **Stratum Spinosum** - limited cell division, desmosomes **Stratum Basale/germinative** - single layer, highest mitosis

Answer 17

**Parlor** - White, lack of blood flow **Cyanosis**- blueish, lack of oxygeninated blood **Erythema** - Blushing, inflammation, anger **Carotene** - Yellow, from veggies

Answer 18

**Papillary** - Areolor with lots of elastic. Dermal papillae, Fingerprints, touch receptors (meissners), free nerve endings **Reticular** - DICT, collagen, elastic. Adipose tissue, hair follicle, nerves, oil glands, ducts, heat sensors

Answer 19

Loose connective tissue w/ collagen & elastic fibers Hypodermis, supericical fascia Fibroblasts, adipose cells, macrophages Energy, insulation, padding \*CONTAINS 1/2 of bodies ADIPOSE TISSUE

Answer 20

**Lanugo** - on fetus **Terminal** - Dark thick, replace lanugo on eyebrows, scalp, eyelid **Vellus** - replace lanugo on rest of body. Light thin ***\*Puberty terminal grows on genitals, chest, beard, lower legs and arms***

Answer 21

Orange - Arrector pili muscle Yellow - Sebaceous gland DERMAL ROOT SHEATH EPITHELIAL ROOT SHEATH Green - Inner root sheath / WHITE PART ON END OF HAIR Light blue - Outer root sheath Dark blue - Hair matrix Purple - Hair papilla (NOURISH HAIR)

Answer 22

Medulla - Soft keratin Cortex Cuticle - hard keratin Hair bulb is source of hair growth

Answer 23

Hair color is determined by melanin ratios Eumelanin is Black/brown Pheomelanin is red No melanin is silver, white, gray

Answer 24

**Sebaceous glands** - holocrine, oily secretion, most empty into hair follicle, inhibit bacteria & dryness **Sweat glands/sudorifious glands -** Merocrine/eccrine, open directly to skin, secretes water and salt (ammonia, urea, uric acid, lactic acid) found on palms and soles **Aprocrine sweat glands** - (does not use aprocine form of secretion) active at puberty, open to hair follicles, odorless until acted on by bacteria, found in axilla, genitals, and anus **Ceruminous glands** - located in auditory canal, merocrin secretion **Mammary glands** - aprocrine, release breast milk

Answer 25

Stratum corneum Eponychium is Cuticule Hypochium is corneum beneath free edge (under nail edge)

Answer 26

1st degree - only epidermis 2nd degree - epidermis and dermis (blisters) 3rd degree- epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

Answer 27

Body support Organ protection body movements Mineral storage - stores calcium, phosphorus, also stores adipose in yellow marrow Blood cell production - Red bone marrow site of blood cells and platlets

Answer 28

Perichonrium - Connective tissue covering over cartilage. Supplies blood vessles to chondroblast Chondrocyte- Mature chondroblast in lacuna Chondroblast - Cartilage building cells \*\*CARTILAGE IS AVASCULAR

Answer 29

Appositional growth - New cartilage is added to the surface / getting wider Interstitial growth - Adding new cartilage / getting longer

Answer 30

**Osteoclast**- Bone destroying cells (acidic enzyme to break bone) **Osteocyte**- Mature cells in lacuna, communicate through canluliculi **Osteoblast-** Bone building cells 35% organic (collagen/photoglycans) / 65% inorganic (hydroxyphospahte chrystals)

Answer 31

**Bone remodeling** - disordered woven bone is remodeled based on stress applied to the bone **Lamellar bone (rings)-** Mature bone organized into thin concentric layers **Spongy bone** - Trabeculae make spaces that are filled with blood vessels and marrow. Strong yet lightweight **Compact bone-** More matrix, more dense, stronger

Answer 32

Ends of long bones are covered in **articular cartilage**/ rest of bone is covered in **periosteium** for nourishment Rounded ends are called **Epiphyes** - has growth plate - how bones grow in length Middle of long bones are called **Diaphaysis** Metaphyses are **Necks of long bones where growth occurs** **\*IN CHILDREN BOTH ENDS OF LONG BONES ARE FILLED WITH RED BONE MARROW. AUDLTS ONLY PROXIMAL ENDS ARE FILLED WITH BONE MARROW**

Answer 33

Interstital growth / occurs at layer of cartialge called epiphyseal plate Epiphyseal line Medullary cavity is empty portion of diaphysis, lines with spongy bone and endoesum. (filled with red bone marrow in fetus, yellow after that) Periosteum is CT covering outside of bone, inner layer has bone cells Endosteum is single layer of CT lining internal surface of medullary cavity & epipyseal spongy bone

Answer 34

**Circumfriential lamalle** is lamallae that goes around the bone, how its grows appositionally - it will pinch off to form an osteon **Interstitial lamallae** - doesnt form full osteon . left over from remodeling **Concentric lamallae -** Each layer that makes up the full osteon

Answer 35

Where most of flat bones are formed. Skull, mandibule, Clavicles **Mesenchyme -\> Connective tissue membrane -\> Center of ossification -\> Osteoblast come in and build bone -\> then all ossification centers come together -\> bone** **Fontanels** - large membrane covered spaces between developing skull bone.

Answer 36

Cartilate is the starting point for growth of bone **Hyaline cartilage covered in perichondrium-\>Perichondrium becomes Periosteum (bone collar is produced) -\> chondrocytes grow (hypertrophy) and begin to calcify -\> primary ossification center starts, blood vessles and osteoblast invade -\> osteoblast lay down bone matrix, forming spongy bone -\> medullary cavity forms in center -\> secondary ossification centers form is epiphysis -\> ephsisyeal plate becomes line** Base of skull, ends of clavicles, most of remaining bones of skeletal system Cartilage begins about 4 weeks. ossification of cartilage begins 8wks to 18-20 years old

Answer 37

Blood vessles lie in groove groove is transformed into tunnel Results in formation of new concentric lamallea

Answer 38

Rickets is in children lack of Vit D/Calcum Osteomalacia is in adults lack of Vit D/Calcuim - reduced mineralization of bone Scurvy is lack of Vit C. Hemmorage and ulceration

Answer 39

Hemotoma formation Callous formation - cartilage Callous ossification - Cartilage replaced by spongy bone (6-8 weeks from injury) Bone remodeling - Spongy bone to compact bone

Answer 40

Calcatonin inhibits osteoclasts from breaking down bone and releasing calcium into the blood. Stimulates Osteoblasts to deposit calcium from blood into the bone to decrease calcium blood levels Parathyroid hormone, stimulates Osteoclast to release calcium into the blood stream and cause kidneys to synthesize active vit D so intestine can absorb calcuim.

Answer 41

206. 80 Axial, 126 appendicular Processes are projections or outgrowths that form joints/ attachement point Narrow slit for passage of blood vessels or nerves Shallow depression

Answer 42

7 **_Atlas_** (no body/spinous process)- allows YES, **_Axis_** - allows NO, **_Vertibral prominence_**- not always bifid Thoracic - 12 - first 10 articulate with ribs Lumbar - 5 Sacral - 5

Answer 43

Synarthoses - Allow slight to no movment/ Sutures Ampiarthoses - Allow a little movement/Sympyses Diarthrodial - Freely moveable/Synovial

Answer 44

No joint cavity Slight or no movment Connected by short dense regular collagen fibers **Sutures Syndesmoses - Slight movement (radius/ulna) Gompheses - tooth to avelor processes**

Answer 45

No joint cavity Little to no movement **Synchondroses- Hyaline cartialge (episeal plate) no movement Symphyses- Fibrocartilage (Axis of body) Slight movement**

Answer 46

Has a joint cavity Synovial fluid for lubrication & nourishment for cartilage Might have articular disc or meniscus Excersice warms synovial fluid -\>swells cartilage which makes it a better protection, then it squeezes fluid and waste out * *By movement** = Uniaxial, Biaxial, Multiaxial * *By Shape** = Plane (intervertebral disc), saddle (Thumb), hinge (elbow), pivot (Radial/unlar), ball and socket (glenoidhumeral), Ellipsoid (atlantoccipital joint)

Answer 47

There is more Na+ & Cl- OUTSIDE of the membrane and more K+ INSIDE Sodium potassium pump, more K+ leak channels than Na+ leak channels, trapped anions attached to ATP or protiens When there is a difference in membrane potential Once threshold is reached Voltaged gated Na+ channels open & cell becomes depolarized, Then about 30+ voltage gated K+ open and cell begins repolarization, then K+ stays open to cause hyperpolarization then return to RMP

Answer 48

AP comes down axon -\> Presynpatic terminal Cause voltage gated Ca2+ channels to open Ca2+ diffuse into cell and cause Vesicles to release with neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter diffuse across synaptic cleft Neurotransmitter combine with receptor sites and cause Na2+ channels to open -\> Na2+ diffuse into cell causing AP

Answer 49

Muscle-\>Fascicle-\>Muscle cell/fiber-\>Myofibrils-\>Myofilaments Sacroplasm Scaroplasmic reticulium Sarcolemma Red pigment and stores oxygen Dystrophin - links actin to transmembrane proteins and outer muscle cell. Genetic defects cause muscluar dystrophy

Answer 50

Mysoin Actin A BAND I BAND (plus Z Disc) THICK Filament only, no over lap Tropomysoin

Answer 51

Hold myosin filaments in place Holds actin filaments in place Hold M line in place and attaches to Mysoin and the Z disc A BAND

Answer 52

Enzyme that breaks down ACH a state of continual contraction/ possible suffocation Form of spastic paralysis caused by clostrium tetani/ Tetanus toxin blocks glycine Flaccid - muscles cannot contract Curare - blocks ACH receptor sites but does not contract muscle Blocks release of ACH causing paralysis

Answer 53

**_Excitation_** - AP comes down neuron to neuromuscular junction causing Ca2+ channels to open and Ca2+ enters presynaptic terminal causing a neurotransmitter ACH to be released which stimulates Na+ channels on postsynaptic membrane **_Excitation/Contraction coupling_** - AP goes down sarcolemma to T tubules then activate the gates of terminal cisterne of sarcoplasmic reticulum which releases Ca2+. Ca+2 binds to troponin which moves tropomyosin exposing actin binding sites **_Contraction_** - Myosin binds to actin and releases ATP -\> ADP + P and cause it to power stroke then in order for mysoin to relase it needs another ATP

Answer 54

Ca2+ is removed from troponin Need ATP to bind to mysoin heads to release from actin Tropomysoin blocks actin binding sites Muscle fiber returns to relaxed state ACHe breaks down ACH, fragments reabsorbed into synpatic knob Ca2+ is reabsorbed into sarcoplasmic reticulium **ATP HEAVY PROCESS**

Answer 55

A nerve and muscle fiber it innervates (avg 200 muscle fibers) Muscle cell contracts and relaxes Increased frequency. Contract and half way relax but before full relaxation theres another AP which causes contraction Stays contracted no relaxation Increasing tension by increasing AP and not letting it fully relax

Answer 56

Same Same distance, length does not change / tension increases Same tension, length changes muscle shortens as it maintains tension muscle lengthens as it maintains tension

Answer 57

High myoglobin/Mitochondria -**_aerobic respiration_** High staminia / lower limbs / Posture and endurance High myoglobin/Mitochondria - **_both aerobic and anarobic_** Med staminia / lower limbs / endurance Low myoglobin/Mitochondria -**_anerobic respiration_** Fatique fast / upper limbs / rapid movements short burts Anerobic is the break down of glycogyn without oxygen = 2 ATP Aerobic uses Oxygen to break down glycogen = 36 ATP

Answer 58

**Creatine phosphate** - during resting stores ATP / energy storage molecule / ***Energy 10 SEC 1 ATP per phosphate*** **Lactic acid fermentation** - Anaerobic = ***2 ATP up to 3 mins of energy*** **Aerobic respiration = *36 ATP hours of energy***

Answer 59

**Physiological** - emotional state **Muscular** - ATP depletion **Synaptic** - occurs in NMJ due to lack of ACH **Rigor mortis** - Ca2+ leaks into sarcoplasmic reticulium and attaches to myosin heads and cross bridges form and are unable to detach due to lack of ATP / Rigor ends when muscles degenerate

Answer 60

T tubules for smooth muscle Dense bodies Calmodulin Hormone attaches to hormone receptor which activates G protien, subunit opens Ca2+ channel (or depolarization opens it) Ca2+ diffuse and bind with caulmodulin which binds to myosin kinase and activates it which adds a P to myosin which binds to actin Myosin phosphatate releases the P from myosin to release from actin

Answer 61

**Origin/head** - attached to more stationary of 2 bones **Insertion** - Attached to bone with greatest movment **Belly** - largest portion between orign and insertion **Tendon** - attach muscle to bone **Aponeurosis** - broad tendon **Synergist** - Muscles that work together to cause movement **Fixator** - Stabilizer / crossed by prime mover

Answer 62

Fusiform - like parallel except wide in middle Pennate - feather shaped Rectus - parallel Brevis - Short Deltoid - triangle Latissimus - widest Rhomboid - diamond

Answer 63

Lever - Rigid shaft or bone Fulcrum - Pivot point or joint Class I - Seasaw - Fulcrum between weight and force (atlantooccipital) Class II - Wheelburrow - weight between fulcrum and pull (metatarsal joint) Class III - using shovel, Pull between fulcrum and wight (biceps brachi and elbow)

Answer 64

* *Astrocyte** - pseudopods cover capillaries * *Ependymal cell** - makes CSF/ lines ventricles and central canal * *Microglia** - immune cells * *Oligdendrocytes** - form myelin sheath in CNS * *Satellie cells**- cover bodies of sensory neuron and autonomic ganglia / insulate and protect * *Schwann cells** - form myelin sheath / only wrap around 1 neuron

Answer 65

**_Absolute refractory period_** - when voltaged gated Na2+ channels are being used so they cannot depolarize the membrane anymore **_Relative refractory period -_** Can be depolarized but must be a stronger than normal threshold stimulus / ***postive*** \*\*Helps prevent AP from moving backwards **_Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential_** - depolarization might reach threshold - Na2+ channels open -\> Na2+ enters / ***negative*** Inhibitory postsynaptic potential - hyperpolarization and response inhibitory / usualy CL- enters and k+ leaves / decrease in AP

Answer 66

A neuron is listening to 2 graded potentials at one time which could both add up to enough for an ACTION POTENTIAL 2 potentials arrive in rapid succession that could add up to an ACTION POTENTIAL. Nerve signal jumps from node to node ***_individually they might not add up to an action potential but added they do_***

Answer 67

**Acetylcholine** **Amino acid**- glycine, glutamate, aspartate, GABA **Monoamines** - E, NE, dopamine, histamine, seratonin **Neuropeptides** **GABA and Glycine are big inhibitory ones**

Answer 68

**Convergent** - many inputs converge and synapse to 1 output **Divergent** - 1 or small number of presynpatic neurons synapse with a bunch of outputs **Oscillating circuit** - circle

Answer 69

Dura mater / arachnoid mater / pia mater Epidural space, subdural space (small CSF), Subarachnoid space **ispalateral** - same side **Contralateral** - opposite side Axon -\> Schwann cell -\> Endoneurium -\> Fascicles -\> Perineurium -\> Endoneurium

Answer 70

31 1st pair - vertebral column between skull and atlas intervertebral foramena Last 4 pairs - Sacral foramina

Answer 71

Skin and deep muscles of back Thoracic - intercostals and surrounding skin \*Depends on level outer periosteal layer / inner meningeal layer Falx cerebri - separates 2 cerebral hemispheres Falx cerebelli - separates R&L halves of cerebellum Tentorium cerebelli - Separates cerebrum from cerebellu,

Answer 72

**Circumventricular organs** / in 3rd and 4th ventricles / enables brain to monitor blood Ph, etc/ Where viruses like HIV can get in Carotid artieries & vertebral artieries **_Medulla_** - Pathway for ascending/descending. Reflexes (Swallowing, heartrate, breathing, vomit, vasomotor, respiratory centers) *Ventral respiratory group - normal breathing Dorsal respiratory group - modifies based on hiccup, sneeze etc* **_Pons_** - Ascending/descending, info to cerebrum/cerebellum, reflex centers/ *Pontiine respiratoruy group - changes in response to sleep, excerise, etc* **_Midbrain_** - Ascending/descending. Visual reflex, auditory pathway/ *Substancia nigra-subconscious muscle movemnt, Red nuclei, corpra quadgremina- visual hearing reflex* **_Reticular formation_** - All through out brain stem, controls cyclic activities, sleep wake / sleep, respiration, posture

Answer 73

**_Cerebellum_** - muscle movment, tone, balance, learning motor skills / 50% of neurons / *cerebellar peduncles, Flocculonodular lobe - equilibrium, eye movement, balance* **_Deincephalaon_** - Connects brainstem to cerebrum, homestatic function **_Thalamus_** - Major sensory rely center, influences mood and movement / senosry info synapses here before going to cerebrum **_Hypothalamus_** - Homestatis, regulating endocrine functions **_Subthalamus_** - Contains nerve tracts and nuclei **_Epithalamus_** - Nuclei responding to olfactory stimuli, *pineal gland / habenula - emotional,viseral response to odor,*

Answer 74

**_Cerebrum_** - conscious perception, thought and conscious motor activity **_Basil nuclei_** - controls muscle activity and posture, largely inhibits unintentional movement when at rest **_Limbic system_** - autonomic response to smell, emotions, mood, memory

Answer 75

**_Frontal lobe_** - motivation, voluntary motor, planning, mood **_Partietal_** - reception/eval of sensory except smell, hearing, vision **_Temporal_** - Smell, hearing. memory, abstract thought, judgement. insula within **_Occipital_** - Visual input **_Insula_** - understanding spoken language, taste and sensory

Answer 76

**_Association fibers_** - Connections within same hemisphere **_Commissural fibers_** - Connect one hemisphere to another **_Projection fibers_** - Tracts between cerebrum and other parts of brain and spinal cord **_Basale nuclei_** - Recives input from midbrain and cortex and sends signals back / invovled in motor control, initiating and terminating movments **_Limbic system_** - learning and emotion. *Hippocampus-memory, amygdala- emotion. 4 F's + memory & smell*

Final exam Flashcards

(100 cards)