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Bio 223 > Ch. 8 > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Flashcards

(116 cards)

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1
Q

What is a joint?

A

A place where 2 or more bones come together

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2
Q

What is another name for a joint?

A

Articulation

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3
Q

How are joints named?

A

According to the bones or portion of bones that join together.

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4
Q

How are joints classified?

A

Structurally (Major connective tissue) and functionally (Degree of motion)

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5
Q

How are joints classified structurally?

A

Bony - fibrous joints that have not yet ossified

Fibrous - short collagen fibers

Cartilaginous - hyaline or fibrocartilage

Synovial - has synovial cavity

They are classified according to the major connective tissue type that binds the bones together and whether a fluid filled joint capsule is present.

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6
Q

How are joints classified functionally?

A

Synarthroses - No movement (sutures)

Amphiarthrosis - little movement (Symphyses)

Diarthroses - Freely moveable (Synovial)

They are classified according to their degree of motion.

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7
Q

What does it mean if a joint is Synarthrosis?

A

Non Movable joints

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8
Q

What does it mean if a joint is Amphiarthrosis?

A

Slightly moveable joints

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9
Q

What does it mean if a joint is Diarthroses?

A

Freely movable joints

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10
Q

In general fibrous and cartilage joints have what movement and are functionally classified as?

A

Little or no movement / synarthroses and amphiarthroses

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11
Q

In general synovial joints have what movement and are functionally classified as?

A

Considerable movement and are mostly diarthroses joints

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12
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

Connections between 2 bones that are held together by fibrous connective tissue.

They have no joint cavity

Connected by short fibers

Exhibit little or no movement

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13
Q

What are the types of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures, syndesmoses and gomphoses

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14
Q

What is a suture?

A

Seams found only between the bones of the skull

Ossify later in life to become synostoses (bony joints)

Often have interlocking fingerlike processes - adds considerable stability

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15
Q

Where are sutures found and what is the tissue between the bones?

A

Only between the bones of the skull and dense regular collagenous connective tissue

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16
Q

What do the 2 layers of periosteum and dense fibrous connective in between on the skull form?

A

Sutural ligament

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17
Q

Fontanel

A

Membranous area in the sutures of newborn - make skull flexible and allow for growth

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18
Q

Synostosis

A

When a suture becomes fully ossified

Results when 2 bones grow together across a joint to form a sinlge bone

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19
Q

Syndesmosis

A

Slightly movable type of fibrous joint

Longer fibers than suture and gomphoses

Bones are farther apart than a suture and are joined by ligaments

*Occurs in radioulnar syndesmosis

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20
Q

Gomphoses

A

are specialized joints consisting of pegs that fit into sockets and are held into place by fine bundles od regular collagenous connective tissue.

**Only gomphoses in human are between teeth and sockets of madible and maxilla

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21
Q

Peridontal ligaments

A

Connective tissue between teeth and their sockets

Allow a slight amount of “give” to the teeth during mastication (chewing)

This movement also allows teeth to be realigned with braces

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22
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

hold 2 bones together by a pad of cartilage

No joint cavity

Exhibit little or no movement

Subdivided into: Synchondroses - hyaline cartilage - little to no movment

Symphyses - fibrocartilage - allows more movement

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23
Q

What 2 groups are cartilagnous Joints subdivided into?

A

Subdivided into: Synchondroses - hyaline cartilage & Symphyses - fibrocartilage

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24
Q

Synchondroses

A

consists of 2 bones joined by hyaline cartilage where little or no movement occurs

*Most synchondroses are temporary

Example - Epiphyseals plates of growing bones

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25
Costochondral joints
Between ribs and the coastal cartilages \*\*Begin as synchondroses but because movement occurs between them and the sternum, all but first usually develop into synovial joints
26
Symphyses
Consists of 2 bones joined by a pad of fibrocartilage Examples - Intervertebral disks
27
Synovial Joints
Contain synovial fluid and allow considerable movement between articulating bones \*Most joints that unite the bones of appendicular skeleton
28
Articular cartilage
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones within synovial joints
29
Articular disk
a flat pad of fibrocartilage in some synovial joints - lies between the articular cartilages of bones Help adjust the connection between articulating bones, which improves stability and reduces wear
30
Meniscus
31
Joint cavity
Space around the articular surface of bones in synovial joints. Its filled with synovial fluid and surrounded by a joint capsule
32
Joint capsule
Helps hold the bones together while still allowing for movement
33
Fibrous capsule
The outer layer of the joint capsule Consists of dense irregular connective tissue and is continous with the fibrous layer of periosteum
34
Synovial membrane
inner layer of joint capsule lines the joint cavity, except over the articular cartilage and articular disks Consists of a collection of modified connective tissues cells either intermixed with parts of fibrous capsule or seperated from it by a layer of areolar or adipose tissue
35
Fat pads
prominent areas of adipose tissue that lie between the fibrous capsule and synovial fluid Help protect the articular cartilage by acting as a cushion around the joint Example, knee and elbow
36
37
Synovial fluid
Viscous lubricating film that covers the surfaces of a joint Complex mixture of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, cells from blood fluid and secretions from synovial cells
38
Bursa
a pocket or sac in the synovial membrane in some synovial joints Contains synovial fluid and provides a cushion between structures that would otherwise rub against eachother
39
Tendon sheaths
Bursa that extend along tendons
40
Bursitis
inflammation of a bursa may cause considerable pain around the joint and restrict movement
41
How are synovial joints classified?
according to the shape of adjoining articular surfaces
42
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
1. Plane 2. Saddle 3. Hinge 4. Pivot 5. Ball and Socket 6. Ellipsoid
43
How are movements at synovial joints describes?
Uniaxial - occuring around 1 axis Biaxial - occuring around 2 axises, situated at right angles to each other Multiaxial - occuring around several axes
44
Plane joint / Gliding joint
Consists of 2 flat bone surfaces of about equal size between which a slight gliding motions can occur Uniaxial Ex. Articular processes between vertebrae
45
Saddle Joint
Consists of 2 saddle shaped articulating surfaces orientated at right angles to each other so their complementary surfaces articulate Biaxial Ex. Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
46
Hinge joint
Cylinder in one boneis aplied to a corresponding concavity in the other bone Uniaxial Ex. Elbow and knee joints
47
Pivot joint
Restricts movement to rotation around a single axis. Consists of relatively cylindrical bony process that rotates with in a ring composed partly of bone and partly of ligament uniaxial Ex. articulation of head of radius and proximal end of ulna
48
Ball and Socket
Ball (head) at the end of one bone and socket in adjacent bones into which a portion of the ball fits. Multiaxial Ex. Shoulder and hip
49
Ellipsoid joint
Modified ball and socket joint - Articular surfaces are elliposid in shape rather than spherical Biaxial Ex. atlantoccipital joint of neck
50
What are the 3 general types of movement?
Gliding, angular and circular
51
Gliding movements
Simplests of all movements Occur on plane joints between to flat or nearly flat surfaces that slide or glide over eachother Only allow slight movement
52
Angular movements
Involve chnages in the angle between the bones at joint Flexion and extension & Abduction and Adduction
53
Flexion and Extension Hyperexension
Felxion - bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint to bring the articulating bones closer together Extension - straightening movement that increases the angle of joint to straighten articulating bones Hyperextension - extension of joint beyond anatomical position.
54
What are the special cases of flexion when describing the movement of the foot?
Plantar flexion - foot toward shin Dorisflexion - walking on heels
55
Abduction and adduction
Abduction is movement away from midline Adduction is movment toward midline
56
Lateral Flexion
moving/tilting neck or waist from one side to the other
57
What are the circular movments?
Rotation Pronation Supination Circumduction
58
Rotation
Turning of a structure around its long axis Ex, Rotating the head to shake NO
59
Pronation and Supination
Unique rotation of the forearm Pronation is rotation of forearm so palm faces posteriorly Supination is rotation of forearm so plam faces anteriorly
60
Circumduction
Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction Occurs in freely movable joints, such as shoulder
61
What are the special movements
**Elevation**- moves superiorly **Depression**- moves inferiorly **Protraction**- Gliding motion that moves it anteriorly **Retraction**- gliding motion that moves is posteriorly **Excursion**-lateral moves the mandible to either left or right of midline & medial returns mandible to midline **Opposition** - movement unique to thumb - when thumb and tip of finger are brought toward eachother on same hand **Reposition**- Returns thumb to neutral **Inversion-** turns ankle so plantar surface of foot faces medially, toward opposite foot, with weight on outside edge of foot Eversion- turns ankle so plantar surface faces laterally, with weight on inside of foot
62
Range of motion
describes the amount of mobility that can be demonstraed in a given joint
63
Active range of motion
amount of movement that can be accomplished by contracting the muscles normally across a joint
64
Passive range of motion
amount of movement that can be accomplished when the structures that meet at the joint are moved by outside force
65
Dislocation / luxation
occurs when articulaing surfaces of bones are moved out of proper alignment Subluxation - partial dislocation
66
Sprain
occurs when ligaments are damaged
67
Shoulder joint / glenohumeral joint
ball and socket joint that has less stabiliy and more mobility than other ball and socket joints
68
Glenoid labrum
fibrocartilage ring to which the joint capsule is attached on the shoulder joint
69
What are the 2 bursa on the shoulder joint?
Subscapular bursa- opens to joint cavity Subacromial bursa - near joint cavity but seperated
70
Rotator cuff
4 muscles of shoulder joint holds he humeral head tighly within glenoid cavity
71
Elbow Joint / Cubital joint
Compound hinge joint Consists of humeroulnar joint, between the humerus and ulna and humeroradial joint between the humerus and radius Elbow has 2 types of movement - Flexion/Extension and pronation/supination
72
Ulnar collateral ligament
reinforces the humeroulnar joint
73
Radial collateral ligament & radial annular ligament
reinforces humeroradial and proximal radioulnar joints
74
Olecranon bursa
covers proximal and posterior surfaces of olecranon process
75
Olecranon bursitis
inflammation of the olecranon bursa caused by excessive pressure of the elbow against a hard surface and sometimes referred to as students elbow
76
Hip Joint / coxal joint
Femoral head articulates with the relatively deep, concave actabulum of the hip bone
77
Actabular labrum
lip of fibrocartilage which is incomplete inferiorly
78
Transverse acetabular ligament
deepens and strengthens acetabulum
79
Iliofemoral ligament
strong joint capsule, reinforced by several ligaments extends from rim of acetabulum to the neck of the femur
80
Ligament of the head of the femur
located inside the hip joint between fermoral head and acetabulum Carries small nutrient artery to the head of femur in about 80% of population
81
Knee joint
complex ellipsoid joint that allows flexion, extension and a small amount of rotation of the leg
82
Cruciate ligaments
extended between the intercondylar eminence of the tibia and the fossa of femur
83
What are the 4 major ligaments that provide knee joint stability?
Anterior cruciate posterior cruciate Medial collateral Laterial collateral
84
Anterior cruciate ligament
prevents anterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur
85
Posterior cruciate ligament
prevents posterior displacement of tibia
86
Medial and lateral collaeral ligaments
stabilize the medial and lateral sides of the knee
87
Suprapatellar bursa
largest bursa Around the knee, a superior extension of the joint capsule that allows the anterior thigh muscles to move over the distal end of femur
88
Ankle joint / talocrural
Highly modified hinge joint fromed by 2 articulations between the distal tibia and fibula with the talus in one joint capsule
89
Flat feet
fallen arches medial longitudinal arch is depressed or collapsed
90
Plantar fasciitis
Inflammation of the plantar fascia
91
What is an example of a Suture and are they movable?
Coronal - no
92
What is an example of a syndesmoses and are they moveable?
Raduis & ulna - Slight Tibia & fibula - slight
93
What is an example of a gomphoses and are they moveable?
Tooth and alverlor process - slight
94
What is an example of synchondroses and what type of movement?
Most are temporary. Ex. Epiphyseal plates of growing bones. Synchondroses that turn into synovial joints - Ex. Costochondral joints between ribs and coastal cartilages
95
What is an example of symohyses?
Intervertebral disks, mandible and sternum, pubic symphsis - slightly movable
96
What is a Plane joint / Gliding joint, give an example and is it uniaxial, biaxial or multiaxial?
2 flat bone surfaces which sliding motion can occur Intervertebral - Uniaxial
97
Saddle joint
2 saddle shaped orientated at right angles Carpometacarpal - thumb - biaxial
98
Hinge joint
A cylinder in one joint meets a u shape in the other Knee, elbow, ankle - uniaxial
99
Pivot joint
Restricts movement to rotation around a single axis Atlas and axis - uniaxial
100
Ball and Socket joint
Head of one and socket of other Hip, shoulder - multiaxial
101
What is a ellipsoid joint, give an example and is it uniaxial, biaxial or multiaxial?
Modified ball and socket Atlas and occipital - biaxial
102
What is the class and example of joint and what type of movment?
Fibrous joint Suture No movement
103
What is the class and example of joint and what type of movment?
Fibrous joint Syndesmoses Radioulnar Slight
104
What is the class and example of joint and what type of movment?
Fibrous joint Gomphoses Tooth and alvelor process Slight movement
105
What is the class and example of joint and what type of movment?
Cartilaginous Joint - Synchondrosis -Hyaline cartilage Epiphyseal plate No movement
106
What is the class and example of joint and what type of movment?
Cartilaginous joint - Fibrocartilage - Symphyses Intervertebral Slight movement
107
What is the class and example of joint and what type of movment?
Synovial Joint Plane Intervertebral Uniaxial - slight
108
What is the class and example of joint and what type of movment?
Synovial Joint Saddle Carpometacarpo Biaxial
109
What is the class and example of joint and what type of movment?
Synovial Joint Hinge Elbow uniaxial
110
What is the class and example of joint and what type of movment?
Synovial joint pivot Proximal radioulnar Uniaxial
111
What is the class and example of joint and what type of movment?
Synovial Joint Ball and Socket Glenohumeral - Shoulder Multiaxial
112
What is the class and example of joint and what type of movment?
Synovial Ellipsoid Atlantooccipital biaxial
113
What are the 4 ligaments of the shoulder joint?
Glenohumeral, transverse humeral, coracohumeral, coracoacromial
114
What are the 2 bursa in the shoulder joint?
Subscapular bursa and subacrominal bursa
115
What kind of joint is the shoulder joint?
Ball and socket
116
What movements can the shoulder joint do?
Flexion/Extension, abduction/adduction, rotation & circumduciton.

Bio 223 (37 decks)

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