chap 1 Flashcards
(43 cards)
psychology is the _____ of behavior and ___ processes
study , cognitive
________ knowledge gained through logic and reasoning
rationalism
_______ knowledge directly from experience
empiricism
the branch of ______ is concerned with the study of how organisms functions. contributed the ____ ______
biology , scientific method
father of psychology was ______ _________. established first lab in 1879. studied ________ __________ . tichener developed the method of __________.
wilhelm wundt , conscious experience , introspection(break experiences into smaller parts)
________ _________ argued that body is made of material substance while the mind is made of immaterial substance and developed the position known as _________ _________ . the view that the mind and body are fundamentally different things.
rene descartes , philosophical dualism
________ ________ argued body and mind are not different but rather the mind IS what the brain DOES. this view is related to __________ _________: all mental phenomena are reducible to physical phenomena.
thomas hobbes, philosophical materialism
the view that the perceptions of the physical world are produced entirely by information from the sensory organs called _________ ________ and was coined by _______ _________.
philosophical realism , john locke
the view that perceptions of the physcial world are the brains interpretation of information from the sensory organs is called _______ ________. a major figure of this school of thought was __________ ________.
philosophical idealism , Immanuel kant
________ ________ the view that all knowledge is acquired through experience and that a newborn baby is a _________ _________ or a blank slate.
philosophical empiricism , “tabula rasa”
________ _______ the view that some knowledge is innate rather than acquired. what exactly is written on the slate at birth? how and when did it get there? these questions are referred to by psychologists as ___ ___ ___ questions.
philosophical nativism , nature vs nurture
__________ _______ ______ was a german physician and physicist who made use of ______ _______ or the amount of time between the onset of a stimulus and a persons response to that stimulus. using this method he was able to calculate speed at which nerves transmit _______
hermann von helmholtz , reaction time , information
_______ ______ who started the first psychology laboratory developed and approach to psychology known as ________ or the attempt to isolate and analyze the minds basic elements.
wilhelm wundt , structuralism
primary research method (of structuralism) was ______ which is the analysis of a subjective experience by trained observers
introspection
________ was an approach to psychology that emphasized the adaptive significance of mental processes and was developed by _______ ______
functionalism , william james
(structuralism) influenced by the principle of ____________ ________ the process by which specific attributes that promote an organisms survival and reproduction become more prevalent in the population over time proposed by the naturalist ______ ______
natural selection , Charles Darwin
many social scientists have spent their careers doing carefully controlled _____ on human behavior.
experiments
Experiments on stereotype threat have reduced the gap in achievement by _____
40%
an often overlooked advantage of the experimental method is that it can demonstrate what doesnt ______
work
psychodynamic:
major figure is _______. focus on _______ drives and conflicts (especially from ______ ________) ex: “______ ______” case study (Oedipus conflict) child became afraid of _____ . Good example of how ______ affects the development of a theory
freud , unconscious, early childhood , little hans , horse , culture
Behavioral:
major figures are ________ , watson, and skinner. focus on effects of _________ (rewards and ________) on observable behavior. ex: “_______ _______” experiment(watson)–child became afraid of white _______
pavlov , enviroments , punsihments , little albert , rats
______ ________ studied how people perceive motion and developed an approach called _______ __________ or the study of the way in which the mind creates perceptual experience. this approach suggests that the whole is more than the ______ ____ ______ _______.
max wertheimer , gestalt psychology , sum of the parts
_____ ________ studied the ways in which children made mistakes and was one of the early pioneers of ______ ___________, which us the study of the ways in which psychological phenomena change over the life span.
jean piaget , developmental psychology
______ __________ helped develop the field of ________ ________ which is the study of the causes and consequences of sociality
kurt lewin , social psychology
