chap 12

Question 1

_____ ____: scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another

Answer 1

social psychology

Question 2

________: behavior that is meant to cause harm

Answer 2

aggression

Question 3

_____ ____ ____: suggests that animals aggress when their goals are frustrated.

Answer 3

frustration aggression hypothesis

Question 4

Studies show that aggression is strongly correlated with the presence of a hormone called ____________

Answer 4

testosterone

Question 5

_______: behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit. The _______ _________ illustrates that cooperation can be beneficial, but it can also be risky.

Answer 5

cooperation, prisoner’s dilemma

Question 6

________: a collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others.

Answer 6

group

Question 7

______: a positive or negative evaluation of another person based on the person’s group membership

Answer 7

prejudice

Question 8

____ ______ ____: the tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share.

Answer 8

common knowledge effect

Question 9

______ ______: the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone.

Answer 9

group polarization

Question 10

________: the tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony.

Answer 10

groupthink

Question 11

_______: loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. Example: baiting (yelling jump) - happens more often if crowd is large and at night

Answer 11

deindividuation

Question 12

_____ ____ _____: the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way.

Answer 12

diffusion of responsibilty

Question 13

_______ _______: an individual is less likely to help in an emergency when there are many other people present. Example: Kitty genovese in New York City.

Answer 13

bystander effect

Question 14

______: intentional behavior that benefits another at a potential cost to oneself

Answer 14

altruism

Question 15

____ _____: the process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives

Answer 15

kin selection

Question 16

______ ________: behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future.

Answer 16

reciprocal altruism

Question 17

attraction: ______ _____ _____: the tendency for liking of a stimulus to increase with the frequency of exposure to that stimulus.

Answer 17

mere exposure effect

Question 18

______ _______: an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction.

Answer 18

passionate love

Question 19

_____ ______: an experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner’s well-being.

Answer 19

companionate love

Question 20

___________: the process by which people draw inferences about people based on their category membership.

Answer 20

stereotyping

Question 21

____ ____: the tendency for people to see what they expect to see.

Answer 21

perceptual confirmation

Question 22

____ ____ ____:the tendency for people to behave as people expect them to behave.

Answer 22

self fulfilling prophecy

Question 23

______ _____: the target’s fear of confirming the observer’s negative stereotypes

Answer 23

stereotype threat

Question 24

____ ____ ____: When something bad happens to someone else, we tend to underestimate the impact of the situation(slippery floor) and overestimate the impact of inner disposition (A person’s character-clumsy) Example – “She did badly on her test because she’s dumb.”

Answer 24

fundamental attribution error

Question 25

______ ____ _____: when something bad happens, we tend to attribute other people’s behavior to inner dispositions (something bad about them), but attribute our own behavior to situational factors (something outside of us) Example: You failed the test because you are dumb, but I failed because the test was too hard.

Answer 25

actor observer bias

Question 26

____ ____ ____: When the outcome is positive we attribute the cause to ourselves (“I did well on that test because I studied hard”), but when negative we attribute it to the situation (“I did badly on the test because the teacher is hard”)

Answer 26

self serving bias

Question 27

______: customary standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture

Answer 27

norms

Question 28

_____ ____ ____: the unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them.

Answer 28

norm of reciprocity

Question 29

_______ ______: a phenomenon that occurs when another person’s behavior provides information about what is appropriate.

Answer 29

normative influence

Question 30

_________: adjust our thinking or behavior to go along with the group. _____ study-Subjects made judgments about lengths of line; 33% conformed at least once, 75% conformed every time.

Answer 30

conformity, asch's

Question 31

_______-To follow the commands of a person in authority.

Answer 31

obedience

Question 32

obedience: ______ study: examined how much someone would shock someone else if told to do so by an authority figure in a lab coat; expected one in a million would go the entire way on the shock generator (i.e. assumed death of other participant), but actually had _____% (2/3) of participants go the entire way. Follow up studies: (a) Could not hear or see victim: ____% max obedience. (b) In same room as victim: _____% max obedience. (c) Put learner’s hand on shock plate: ____% max obedience. (d) Experimenter (authority figure) not present: ______% max obedience.

Answer 32

milgram's , 65, 100, 40, 30, 22

Question 33

______ study: 21/22 nurses obeyed an order over the phone from a doctor that they did not know when the order was for twice the maximum dose of an unauthorized medication with no written order.

Answer 33

astroten

Question 34

______: a phenomenon that occurs when a person’s attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person.

Answer 34

persuasion

Question 35

_____ ____: the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason

Answer 35

systematic persuasion

Question 36

____ ____: the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion

Answer 36

heuristic persuasion

Question 37

_____ ____ ____ ____ ___: a social influence technique that involves making a small request and then following it with a larger request.

Answer 37

foot in the door technique

Question 38

_____ _____: discomfort felt when two of our thoughts are inconsistent, or when we act in a way that contradicts our attitudes

Answer 38

cognitive dissonance

Question 39

______ _____ _____: people tend to make their view of the world fit with how they have acted in order to reduce cognitive dissonance. Example: Festinger and Carlsmith turning knobs study (See notes) 1) group paid $20: rated task as very boring--could justify their behavior 2) group paid $1: rated task as fairly enjoyable--didn’t have a good reason for lying

Answer 39

cognitive dissonance theory