chap 10 Flashcards
____ _____: the branch of psychology that focuses on the many ways we change throughout our life
developmental psychology
_____ _____: development during the 9 months of pregnancy
prenatal period/development
Drugs can have an impact as early as ______ weeks into the pregnancy
2
The embryo is most sensitive to the effects of maternal drug use and illness ____ ____in the pregnancy.
first trimester
________: close emotional bond that develops between infants & caregivers
attachment
______ _____: distress when infants are separated from attachment figures (begins at about 7 months)
seperation anxiety
___________: stable individual differences in quality & intensity of emotional reaction. Thomas & Chess – 3 types of temperament: easy, difficult, slow to warm up
temperment
_____ _____: the same people are studied as they reach different ages
longitudinal research
____-_____ ______: compares people of different ages at a single point in time
cross-sectional research
_______ _____(birth-24 mo.): progress from reflexes to problem solver
sensorimotor stage
sensorimotor: At 8-12 months you have the A Not B error; at _____ _____ you master the object permanence concept
18 months
sensorimotor: ______ _______: the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible
object permenance
________ _______ (2-7 yrs.): focus on deficits in reasoning
preoperational stage
pre-op: __________: attributing lifelike qualities to inanimate objects; example: rain is “clouds crying”
animism
pre-op: __________: trouble taking another’s point of view. Example: the three mountain problem
egocentrism
pre-op: Problems with _________: understanding that properties of an object remain the same even though its outward appearance changes. Example: Young children don’t understand that 8 ounces of water is the same whether it’s poured into a tall skinny glass or a short fat glass.
conservation
pre-op: _________: children focus on a single aspect of a problem, ignoring others - like focusing on the height of the glass, but not the width
centration
_____ _____ _____(7-11 yrs.): can do conservation problems and give reasons; can think logically about concrete problems (add and subtract); jokes with double meaning become funny; cannot think abstractly
concrete operational stage
_____ ____ _____(11+): can develop hypothesis and test; can reflect on others’ thinking; capable of abstract ideas
formal operational stage
_______ ___ _____: the understanding that other people’s mental representations guide their behavior.
theory of mind
______ ______ (kohlberg): the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor; the stage of reasoning for most children.
preconventional stage
______ ______: the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules
conventional stage
______ ______: the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect
postconvntional stage
______ ______: low in warmth; high in control; strict, punishing and unsympathetic parents. Correlated with unfriendly, fearful and withdrawn children (often rebel in teen years—especially boys)
authoritarian parents
