chap 3 Flashcards by Sadie Fernandez

_________: cells in the nervous system that receive , integrate, and transmit information

neurons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________: Receive information from other cells

dendrite

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

______ ________: responsible for cell matienence and generating energy.

cell body (soma)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

___________: transmits information from cell body to the next cell

axon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

____ ____ ___: contain the neurotransmitters

axon terminal button

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______ ________ : helps protect the axon and transmit information faster

myelin sheath

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_____________: space between terminal buttons and next dendrite

synapse

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How Neurons Communicate (Steps)
1. ___________and storage
2. Release of _____________
3. Binding of neurotransmitters to receiving _______________
4. _____________ of or removal of neurotransmitters
5. ______________of neurotransmitters (recycling)

synthesis , neurotransmitters , neuron , inactivation , reuptake

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______ _________: The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron’s cell membrane.

resting potential

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

________ _______: An electric signal that is conducted along the length of a neuron’s axon to a synapse.

action potential

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Action Potential:
1) Occurs when the electric shock reaches a certain level, or ____________.
2) The action potential is “__________ ________ none”
3) __________ ____________: the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated.

threshold , all or , refractory period

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

____________ (_____): important in muscle movement and memory; low levels cause alzhemiers

acetylocholine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__________: control of voluntary movement, is important for beginning movement; low levels related to parkinsons disease; high levels related to schizophrenia. Also involved in emotional arousal, seeking _______ and associating actions with reward – thus involved in drug ____________.

dopamine , pleasure , addiction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________: regulation of sleep, wakefulness, and moods

serotonin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

____________: responsible for physiological arousal and filtering out distractions; low levels of this and serotonin cause depression

norepinephrine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________: The major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, which enhances the transmission of information between neurons.

glutamate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_____-________ _____: lowers neural activity; malfunctions of GABA activity contribute to severe anxiety, Huntington’s disease, and epilepsy

Gama-aminobutyric acid(GABA)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

______________: body’s natural pain killer, linked to pain control and pleasure

endorphins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

___________: prevent reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and/or serotonin. Example: Prozac is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

antidepressants

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

____________: affected by Valium and Xanax.

GABA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Having an imbalance of neurotransmitters (too much or too little) can dramatically affect behavior.
1) _________: Drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter (L-dopa).
2) ____________: Drugs that diminish the function of a neurotransmitter.

agonist , antagonist

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__________: nerves that connect to voluntary muscles and sensory receptors

somatic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__________: nerves that connect to internal organs, glands, and involuntary muscles; controls automatic functions (ex. Heart rate)

autonomic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

____________: part of autonomic that is fight or flight response

sympathetic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

___________: part of autonomic that returns body to relaxed state

parasynthetic

central nervous system Is composed of the brain and the ____________ _____________. For some basic behaviors, the ____ ____(same) doesn’t need input from the brain at all.

spinal cord

__________ __________: simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions.

spinal reflexes

_______ ________: has the medulla , which controls basic functions (heartbeat, blood pressure, etc.)

brain stem

_________________ point: right hemisphere controls left side of body

crossover

___________: muscular control, coordination, voluntary movement

cerebellum

___________ ___________ ____________: involved in arousal and attention, as well as the sleep and wake cycle

reticular activating system

____________: regulation of hunger and drinking, autonomic nervous system, sexual behavior, “pleasure center”, pituitary gland

hypothalamus

________: sensory switchboard (sends sensory information to the appropriate regions of the brain)

thalamus

_______________: emotion center; involved in emotion control and formation of emotion memories

amygdala

__________: formation of memories

hippocampus

cerebral cortex: ______ _____ are fibers that connect the two hemispheres; the cortex has four lobes

corpus callosum

_____ ______:The set of subcortical structures that direct intentional movements. In Parkinson’s disease the __ __(same as before) is deprived of ______________________.

basal ganglia , dopamine

______ ______: A network of glands that produce and secrete chemical messages known as hormones, which influence basic functions such as metabolism, growth, and sexual development.

endocrine system

_____ _______: the “Master gland” of the body’s hormone-producing system, which releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body; located below the hypothalamus.

pituitary gland

_________: processes vision information, located in the back of the brain

occipital

________: processes auditory information, located on the sides by temples and ears

temporal

_______ _______ processes sense of touch

pariental lobe

______ ______ primary motor cortex; also important for planning and decision making; last part of brain to be fully developed

frontal lobe

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is estimated to affect more than ____________ Americans, with 90 million cases expected worldwide by ______. AD is more prevalent among _________ than ___________, likely due to important sex differences in the ____________, a brain region critical for learning and memory. Recent research findings suggest that measurements of hippocampal ___________ might be a reliable early indication of the onset of AD in_________ .

5 mil , 2050 , woman , man , hippocampus , volume , woman

______ _______: speech, language, writing, calculation, and logic

left hemisphere

______ _____: facial recognition, perception of spatial relationships, artistic abilities, and recognition of facial expressions of emotions

right hemisphere

______ _____: controls speech muscles

brocas area

_____ _______: controls comprehension

Wernicke's area

_____________: a disturbance in the comprehension or production of speech

aphasia

___________ aphasia: slow, laborious, non-fluent speech; the speech has meaning; can comprehend speech better than speak

brocas

___________aphasia: poor speech comprehension, can produce speech but it is meaningless

wernickes

_________: The ability of sensory cortices to adapt to changes in sensory inputs.

plasticity

The____________ ___________ is the first major bodily system to take form in an embryo.

cardiovascular system

______: the major unit of hereditary transmittion

gene

____________: Strands of DNA wound around each other in a double-helix configuration.

chromosome

________ ________ (also known as “__________ __________”) share 100% of their genes with each other, while _______ _______ (also known as “_____ ______”) share 50% of their genes with each other.

monozygotic twins , identical twins , dizygotic twins , fraternal twins

____________: The study of enviromental influences that determine whether or not genes are expressed, or the degree to which they are expressed, without altering the basic DNA sequences that constitute the genes themselves.

epigenetics

_______ ______ is sometimes cut to stop seizures from moving from one side of the brain to another; makes it so hemispheres cannot communicate

corpus callosum

_____ ______: controls left side of body (no language)

right hemisphere

_____ _______: controls right side of body; has language

left hemisphere

____ (_____ ____ _____): requires exposure to low levels of radioactivity; is a method for analyzing biochemical activity in the brain

PET ( positron emission tomography)

_____ (_____ _____ _____): uses a magnetic field to show a high contrast picture of the organ.

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

______ _____ (______): shows a picture of the brain and which parts are active

functional MRI (fMRI)

______ _____ _____:tracks water molecules as they move along the axon.

diffusion tensor MRI

_____ (_______): A device used to record electrical activity in the brain.

EEG (electroencephalograph)

_____ (_____ _____ _____): delivers a magnetic pulse that passes through the skull and deactivates region in the cerebral cortex for a short period. Researchers can direct TMS pulses to a particular brain region and then measure temporary changes in the way a person moves, sees, thinks, remembers, speaks, or feels.

TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)