chapter 2 Flashcards
_______ the belief that acfurate knowledge can be acquired through belief.
empiricism
_____ _______ a procedure fpr using empirical evidence to establish facts.
scientific method
_______ a hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon
theories
_______ a falsifiable prediction made by a theory
hypothesis
_____ ______ a set of rules and techniques for observation necessary for gathering evidence properly
empirical method
humans have 3 qualities that make them more difficult to study: people are highly _____, ______, _______
complex , variable , reactive
Steps in a scientific investigation:
Formulate a testable ______________ (prediction)
Select a ______________ _______________ and design study (i.e., experiment, case study, survey, correlational study)
Collect ______________ (make observations)
Analyze data and draw __________ (use statistics)
_____________ findings (share findings with others at meetings or in a journal)
hypothesis , research method , data , conclusions , report
____________: the test consistently gives same score (repeatability)
reliability
_____________: the extent that a test measures what it is supposed to measure
validity
While men are overrepresented in scientific fields that are “math intensive,” women earn the majority of degrees in other scientific fields, such as the ______________ and___________ sciences.
life , social
An expert review of the evidence concludes that men may be more ________ in certain scientific topics and may be more likely to be unusually talented (or untalented!) when it comes to math, but there is no compelling _________ to suggest that these differences are __________.
interested , evidence , innate
_________ _________ Those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects.
demand characteristics
to reduce demand characteristics: ____________ ___________: A technique of gathering scientific information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural habitats. Unfortunately, this method isn’t always ___________.
naturalistic observation , practical
other ways to reduce demand characteristics: Allow participants to respond privately or __________.
Measure behaviors that are not under voluntary ___________. Make sure that the researcher doesn’t reveal the true _________ of an observation until the study is over.
anonymously , control , purpose
Expectations can influence our___________ and expectations can influence __________, typically in line with our research hypotheses. This is called_______ _______ and is defined as the tendency for observers’ expectations to influence both what they believe they observed and what they actually observed. A way to avoid this is the __________-__________ study, which is a study in which neither the researcher nor the participants know how the participants are expected to behave.
observations , reality , observer bias , double blind
Experiments: Use _______variables
(manipulated-what you make ______between your groups) and _________ (measured) variables. Allows for ________and effect statements
independent , different , dependent , cause
Study can have ____________variables: variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to affect the dependent variable and should be controlled
extraneous
_____________ ____________ ensures that each person has an equal chance of being in any group
random assignment
__________groups are groups that do NOT receive the special treatment that the experimental groups receive
control
____________ between variables are identified (researcher does not __________ variables or _________ assign people) Correlations can be positive (as one goes up, the other _________ ___________) or negative (as one goes up, the other ________ __________). Cannot make a ___________ and ___________ statement
correlation , create , randomly , goes up , goes down , cause , effect
Psychologists rarely measure the properties of an entire _________ (a complete collection of people). Instead, they tend to measure the properties of a ___________ (a partial collection of people drawn from the population).
population , sample
The ____________ ________ is a procedure for gathering scientific information by studying a single individual.
case method
Psychologists can determine which people they will include in a sample through _________ _________ (a technique that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample)
random sampling
About ________% of the people whom psychologist study come from countries that have just _______ % of the world’s population, and _____% come from the United States alone.
96% , 12% , 70%
