chap 6 and 5

Question 1

_________: how information gets into memory

Answer 1

encoding

Question 2

________: how information is maintained (stored) in memory

Answer 2

storage

Question 3

_________: how information is pulled out of (retrieved from) memory

Answer 3

retrieval

Question 4

_______ _______: preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time

Answer 4

sensory memory

Question 5

_______ ______ last ¼ to 1 second

Answer 5

visual memory

Question 6

____ _____ lasts 2 to 4 seconds

Answer 6

auditory memory

Question 7

Capacity (i.e. how much can be stored): ___ +/- ___ (5 to 9 chunks)

Answer 7

7 , 2

Question 8

______: a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit

Answer 8

chunk

Question 9

_______: is 20 to 30 seconds without rehearsal

Answer 9

duration

Question 10

________ : repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about the information

Answer 10

rehersal

Question 11

Duration (i.e. how long we store it) is possibly __________

Answer 11

permanent

Question 12

____ ____ :vivid memories of what we were doing at the time of an emotion-provoking event (where were you doing during 9/11?)

Answer 12

flashbulb memory

Question 13

_____ ____: is for actions and skills (ex: how to ride a bike, ski, etc.)

Answer 13

procedural memory

Question 14

_____ _____: is memory for facts (two types)

Answer 14

declarative memory

Question 15

declaritive memory: ______ ______ is for general facts

Answer 15

semantic memory

Question 16

declarative memory: _____ ____ is for personal facts

Answer 16

episodic memory

Question 17

_____ ___ _____:The deeper we process information, the better our LTM

Answer 17

depth of processing

Question 18

______ ____ _____ _____: manipulated the depth of processing by varying types of questions subjects had to answer about each word on a list

Answer 18

craik and tulving study

Question 19

_____ _____: emphasizes meaning (deeper processing)

Answer 19

semantic processing

Question 20

____ ____ ____: better recall for words at the beginning and end than in the middle

Answer 20

serial position effect

Question 21

______ _______: recall words at the beginning of a list better; effect due to repetition of first few words in the list

Answer 21

primary effect

Question 22

______ _______: recall words at the end of a list better; due to recall from STM

Answer 22

recency effect

Question 23

____________: linking stimulus to other information at the time of encoding (example: applying classical conditioning to your own fear of spiders)

Answer 23

elaboration

Question 24

_________: are strategies and tricks for memory (example: Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally = Parenthesis Exponents Multiplication Division Addition and Subtraction, for the order of operations in math)

Answer 24

mnemonics

Question 25

____ ______ _____: the process of storing new information by converting it into mental picture

Answer 25

visual imagery encoding

Question 26

________ ______: the process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items.

Answer 26

organizational encoding

Question 27

______ ______: the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store (can’t remember new information).

Answer 27

anterograde amnesia

Question 28

______ ______: the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or surgery (can’t remember previous information).

Answer 28

retrograde amnesia

Question 29

_________ : the process by which memories become stable in the brain.

Answer 29

consolidation

Question 30

_________: The process by which memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to be consolidated again.

Answer 30

reconsolidation

Question 31

______ _____ ______: the better the match between the the way you study material and the cues you are given on a test, the better your recall (example: you would study differently for a fill in the blank test versus definition test)

Answer 31

encoding specificity principle

Question 32

______ _______: put yourself in the same context as when you learned the information (example: scuba divers)

Answer 32

context effect

Question 33

_____-_____ _____: the tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval.

Answer 33

state-dependent retrieval

Question 34

______-_____ _____: a process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items.

Answer 34

retrieval-induced forgetting

Question 35

_______ ______ occurs when people intentionally retrieve past experiences.

Answer 35

explicit memory

Question 36

_______ ______ are not consciously recalled, but their presence is “implied” by our actions.

Answer 36

implicit memory

Question 37

_________ refers to an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a wordor object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus.

Answer 37

priming

Question 38

_____ ______ ____ _____Some otherwise high-functioning people seem to lack the ability to vividly reexperience past events, even though they know those events happened

Answer 38

severely deficiant autobiographical memory(SDAM)

Question 39

_________: forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

Answer 39

transience

Question 40

________ ________refers to situation in which more recent learning impairs memory for information previously learned (you study your science and then your psychology and now you can’t remember your science)

Answer 40

retroactive interference

Question 41

_______ _______refers to situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later (your old phone number is similar and that makes it hard to learn your new phone number).

Answer 41

proactive interference

Question 42

_____________: a lapse in attention that results in memory failure

Answer 42

absentmindedness

Question 43

________: something is available in memory, but you cannot retrieve it. (tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon )

Answer 43

blocking

Question 44

______ _____: assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source

Answer 44

memory misattribution

Question 45

______ _____: recall of when, where, and how information was acquired.

Answer 45

source memory

Question 46

_________: the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollection.

Answer 46

suggestibility

Question 47

________: an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or sequence of events.

Answer 47

schema

Question 48

_______ ______: How a question inquiring about a particular memory is worded influences how that memory is remembered. Example: “How fast were the cars going when they (smashed into) each other?”

Answer 48

suggestive questions

Question 49

_____: influence of present knowledge and feelings on memories of past events. People remember the past the way they want it to be rather than how it actually was.

Answer 49

bias

Question 50

________: the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

Answer 50

persistence

Question 51

_____ ____ ______ _____: memories fade away with passage of time if not renewed through periodic use (no longer exist)

Answer 51

decay of memory traces

Question 52

__________: information is availible but cannot be accessed because of interference from other information

Answer 52

interference

Question 53

_______ _______: cue dependent forgetting Example: Encoding specificity principle

Answer 53

retrieval failure

Question 54

________ ________: putting information into an organized framework in order to remember it more easily (example: HOMES for the names of the Great Lakes)

Answer 54

mnemonic strategies

Question 55

_____ _____ (i.e. spread out your studying) is more effective.

Answer 55

distributed practice

Question 56

______ _____: require alert awareness, absorb attention

Answer 56

controlled process

Question 57

________ _______: occur with little awareness, do not interfere with other activities

Answer 57

automatic process

Question 58

______ ______: imaginary scenes and events that occur while one is awake

Answer 58

day dreaming

Question 59

_______: continue to maintain a low level of awareness

Answer 59

sleep

Question 60

_______ _______: occur every 24 hours (sleep/wake cycle)

Answer 60

circadian rhythms

Question 61

______ ______: occur less often than once a day (female menstrual cycle)

Answer 61

infradian rhythm

Question 62

_______ _______: occur more often than once a day (sleep is a 90-minute cycle)

Answer 62

ultradian rhythm

Question 63

_______-______ ______: The issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body

Answer 63

mind-body problem

Question 64

___________: the quality of being directed toward an object, or how consciousness is always about something.

Answer 64

intentionality

Question 65

________: The integration of all the information from all the senses into one coherent whole.

Answer 65

unity

Question 66

___________: The capacity of consciousness to include some objects but not others.

Answer 66

selectivity

Question 67

ex of selectivity: _____-_____ ______: people tune in one message even while they filter out others nearby.

Answer 67

cocktail-party phenomenon

Question 68

________: The tendency of consciousness to change; analogous to consciousness being described as a “stream”.

Answer 68

transience

Question 69

______ ______: the attempt to change conscious states of mind.

Answer 69

mental control

Question 70

_______ ________: conscious avoidance of a thought.

Answer 70

thought suppression

Question 71

______ ____ ____ ____ _____: the tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression.

Answer 71

rebound effect of thought suppression

Question 72

________ ______: all the mental processes that give rise to a person’s thoughts, choices, emotions, and behavior even though they are not experienced by the person.

Answer 72

cognitive unconscious

Question 73

_____ ____ _____ suggest that we have two different systems in our brains for processing information: system 1 & system 2

Answer 73

dual process theories

Question 74

dual process theories: _____ _____ Fast, automatic, unconscious processing

Answer 74

system 1

Question 75

dual process theories: ______ ______ Slow, effortful, conscious processing

Answer 75

system 2

Question 76

______ _____: a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity.

Answer 76

REM sleep

Question 77

______ _______ can lead to fatigue, irritability, inattention, and decreased immune system functioning.

Answer 77

sleep deprivation

Question 78

______-_____ ______: helps to restore body and brain for future activities.

Answer 78

non-REM sleep

Question 79

_____ _____: restores sensitivity to nopenephrine, helping to keep us alert. May be a time for creating and strengthening neutral connections. May help to solidify and absorb the day’s experiences and skills.

Answer 79

REM sleep

Question 80

______: most common; trouble falling asleep or staying asleep

Answer 80

insomnia

Question 81

_________: people abruptly enter REM sleep from waking state

Answer 81

narcolepsy

Question 82

_____ ____: is when people briefly stop breathing during sleeping

Answer 82

sleep apnea

Question 83

_____ ____ ____ _____: sleeping infants stop breathing & die. "back to Sleep” program

Answer 83

sudden infant death syndrome

Question 84

__________: occurs during NREM sleep, most often in childhood.

Answer 84

sleepwalking

Question 85

______ ______: are horrible dream images during stage 4 sleep. Do not remember by morning.

Answer 85

night terrors

Question 86

_________ ________ _____ : normal rem paralysis does not occur—sleepers act out dreams

Answer 86

REM behavior disorder

Question 87

_______ ________: waking up unable to move-happens when wake from REM sleep – can have hallucinations

Answer 87

sleep paralysis

Question 88

Dream Consciousness: 1.) We intensely feel _________. 2.) Dream thought is __________. 3.) __________ is fully formed and meaningful. 4.)Dreaming occurs with _______ _________. 5.)We have _________ ___________ the dream after it is over.

Answer 88

emotion, illogical, sensation, uncritical acceptance, difficulty remembering

Question 89

_____-______ ____ proposes that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep.

Answer 89

activation-synthesis model