chap 4

Question 1

_________: the detection of a physical stimulus, such as light

Answer 1

sensation

Question 2

_________: the organization and interpretation of sensory input

Answer 2

perception

Question 3

_________: how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience

Answer 3

psychophysics

Question 4

___ ____: minimum amount of stimulation you can detect 50% of the time

Answer 4

absolute threshold

Question 5

______ ______: gradual decline in sensitivity due to prolonged stimulation

Answer 5

sensory adaptation

Question 6

______ ______ _____: The minimal change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected

Answer 6

just noticable difference

Question 7

_______ _____: the change in a stimulus that is just noticeable is a constant proportion of the standard stimulus.

Answer 7

webers law

Question 8

Research has found that when attention is directed to________, activity in _______ areas decreases. This suggests that laws requiring hands free phones may have major effect on reducing car accidents. The effect of texting while driving is comparable to that of alcohol consumption.

Answer 8

hearing, visual

Question 9

light wave height (amplitude) determines the __________ of light; wavelength determines the _________

Answer 9

brightness, hue

Question 10

_____: opening in center of eye; constricts and dilates

Answer 10

pupil

Question 11

________: focuses light rays on the retina

Answer 11

lens

Question 12

_______: contains the receptors for vision (the rods and cones)

Answer 12

retina

Question 13

________ are for daytime vision and color; provide more “sharpness” in vision than other; located in the center of the retina.

Answer 13

cones

Question 14

_______ are for night and peripheral vision; located in the periphery of the retina.

Answer 14

rods

Question 15

If you have the colors ______, _____, and ______ you can make all other colors

Answer 15

red, green, blue

Question 16

______ ______: 3 types of cones – one sensitive to blue wave lengths (short), one to red (long), & one to green (medium)

Answer 16

trichromatic theory

Question 17

_____ _____ _____: three systems - red/green system, yellow/blue system, black/white system
1) Example: American flag

Answer 17

opponent process theory

Question 18

opponent process theory: When stimulation is equal in a pair, you see ______; when stimulation is equal in the three systems you see _________

Answer 18

grey light, white light

Question 19

______ ____: The part of the occipital lobe that contains the primary visual cortex

Answer 19

area V1

Question 20

_____ _____: the whole can be greater than the parts (Example: cube, phi phenomenon- illusion of movement via rapid picture succession)

Answer 20

gestalt principle

Question 21

______ ___ ______: People divide visual information into the thing being looked at and the background.

Answer 21

figure and ground

Question 22

______- elements that are close together are grouped together

Answer 22

proximity

Question 23

________ - viewers mentally supply missing pieces to complete a familiar picture

Answer 23

closure

Question 24

_________ - similar objects are grouped together

Answer 24

simularity

Question 25

_________ - viewers try to organize elements in the simplest way possible

Answer 25

simplicity

Question 26

________ ________: making a guess about the form based on a pattern of stimulation

Answer 26

perceptual hypothesis

Question 27

______ ____: Use both eyes

Answer 27

binocular cues

Question 28

________ – as objects get closer your eyes move toward each other

Answer 28

convergence

Question 29

_______ ________- each eye has a slightly different angle

Answer 29

retinal desparity

Question 30

______ _____: Use one eye

Answer 30

monocular cues

Question 31

_______ _______: converging lines

Answer 31

linear perspective

Question 32

_______ ______: texture appears more compact and less detailed as distance increases

Answer 32

texture gradient

Question 33

_____ _____: A discrepancy between the appearance of a stimulus and reality

Answer 33

optical illusions

Question 34

___-____ _____: Due to experience with corners

Answer 34

muller-lyer illusion

Question 35

_____ _____: perception of movement as a result of altering signals appearing in rapid succession in different locations.

Answer 35

apparent motion

Question 36

_____ ______: when people fail to detect changes in visual details of a scene.

Answer 36

change blindness

Question 37

______ _____: a failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention.

Answer 37

inattentional blindness

Question 38

Sound: height of wave (amplitude) is _________; wavelength/frequency is _________

Answer 38

loudness, pitch

Question 39

How loud is too loud: over __ decibels.

Answer 39

85

Question 40

_______: sound collecting cone

Answer 40

pinna

Question 41

______: membrane that vibrates as sound waves hit it

Answer 41

eardrum

Question 42

Sound is conducted through ________ of air

Answer 42

vibration

Question 43

3 tiny bones – _____, ______, _____

Answer 43

hammer, anvil, stirrup

Question 44

_________: fluid filled, coiled tunnel that contains receptors for hearing (looks like a snail)

Answer 44

cochlea

Question 45

_____ ______: in the cochlea; holds the auditory receptors(hair cells)

Answer 45

basilar membrane

Question 46

______ ______: convert physical stimuli into neural impulses sent to brain

Answer 46

hair cells

Question 47

Sound conducted through waves in _________

Answer 47

fluid

Question 48

_____ _____ _____arises because the eardrum 0r ossicles are damaged to the point that they cannot conduct sound waves effectively to the cochlea.

Answer 48

conductive hearing loss

Question 49

____ _____ _____ is caused by damage to the cochlea, the hair cells, or the auditory nerve; can be caused by genetic disorders, infections, high noise exposure, or aging.

Answer 49

sensorineural hearing loss

Question 50

if hearing loss is severe, ______ ____ may make it less severe.

Answer 50

cochlear implant

Question 51

Giving a baby cochlear implants allows parents and others to interact with the child using their native spoken language, enabling ________ development.

Answer 51

language

Question 52

_________ ________: the active exploration of the environment by touching and grasping objects with our hands

Answer 52

haptic perception

Question 53

______ _______: feelings of pain from inside your body that you feel on the surface of your body.

Answer 53

referred pain

Question 54

_______-______ _______ of pain holds that signals arriving from pain receptors in the body can be stopped or gated, by interneurons in the spinal cord via feedback from the skin or from the brain.

Answer 54

gate-control theory

Question 55

_____________: your sense of body position

Answer 55

proprioception

Question 56

________ _______: the three fluid-filled semicircular canals and adjacent organs located next to the cochlea in each inner ear; enables us to maintain our balance

Answer 56

vestibular system

Question 57

_______ ____ ______: receptor cells that transduce odorant molecules into neural impulses.

Answer 57

olfactory receptor neurons(ORNS)

Question 58

_______ ________: brain structure located above the nasal cavity beneath the frontal lobe.

Answer 58

olfactory bulb

Question 59

_________: biochemical odorants emitted by other members of a species that can affect an animal’s behavior or physiology

Answer 59

pheromones

Question 60

__________: the thousands of small bumps that cover the tongue.

Answer 60

papillae

Question 61

__________ _________: the organ of taste transduction, located inside the papillae.

Answer 61

taste buds