chap 7 Flashcards
______: A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience.
learning
_____ ______: type of learning in which neutral stimulus and response-provoking stimulus are paired until the neutral stimulus evokes the same response; discovered by Pavlov (dogs); Little Albert experiment (Watson)
classical conditioning
______ ______: automatically elicits an unlearned (automatic) response. (e.g., Little Albert – loud noise)
unconditioned stimulus
_______ _______: an unlearned (automatic) response to a stimulus.(e.g., Little Albert – fear of loud noise)
unconditioned response
_______ ________: the neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus and comes to elicit a conditioned response (What you learn to respond to) (e.g., Little Albert – white rat)
conditioned stimulus
____ _____: response to conditioned stimulus (the learned response) (Little Albert – fear of white rat)
conditioned response
__________ _________: a response generalizes to similar stimuli
stimulus generalization
_____ _____: a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others, so that some behaviors are relatively easy to condition in some species but not others.
biological preparedness
____ ____ ____: Behaviors that are followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” tend to be repeated and those that produce an “unpleasant state of affairs” are less likely to be repeated.
law of effect
_____ _____: voluntary behaviors become controlled by their consequences. (Skinner)
operant conditioning
____________: an event following a behavior that increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated (more likely to happen)
reinforcement
_________: any consequence that decreases the recurrence of the behavior that it follows (less likely to happen)
punishment
Positive and Negative Reinforcement and Punishment
1)_________= add something
2)________= take something away
3)_______= makes behavior happen again
4)________= makes behavior stop
positive, negative, reinforcement, punishment
(i)_____ _____: praise
(ii)____ ______: seat belt sound stops when you buckle up
(iii)_____ _____: physical punishment
(iv)______ _____: take away phone
positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment
__________: closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior are required to receive positive reinforcement (Cricket fetches a slipper video)
shaping
___________: Gradual weakening and disappearance of a learned response because the response is no longer reinforced. (e.g., if you stop buying a candy bar when your child cries, eventually he will stop crying for one).
extinction
______ _______: every occurrence of a particular behavior is reinforced
continuous reinforcement
_____ ___: involves a specific number of behaviors before reward occurs
ratio schedules
____ ____: reinforcer is given after a fixed number of responses
fixed ratio
_____ _____: reinforcer is given after a variable (random) number of responses; example: slot machine
variable ratio
______: involves a time period
interval
_____ _______: reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time period has elapsed
fixed interval
_____ _____: reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable (random) time interval has elapsed
variable interval
_____ ____: Something is learned, but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future.
latent learning
