Framework of Patho
based on the common or classic presentation of disease in the physiologic functioning of human beings
Etiology
- the study of causes or reasons for phenomena
- identifies casual factors that provoke a particular disease (basically the cause of disease or condition)
- classified as idiopathic or iatrogenic
Idiopathic disease
cause of disease is unknown
Iatrogenic diesease
cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment (not the same as nosocomial, where the cause is indirect)
Risk factors
a factor that when present increases the likelihood of a disease. classified as modifiable and non modifiable (can and cannot change)
Pathogenesis
the development or evolution of disease, from the initial stimulus to ultimate expression of the manifestations of the disease.
Signs
objective or observed manifestation of disease
symptoms
subjective feeling of abnormality in the body
syndrome
etiology of signs and symptoms has not yet been identified
Edema
swelling
dyspnea
shortness of breath
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
wake up in the middle of the night gasping
hemoptysis
blocking of blood
3 p’s of diabetes
polydipsia
polyurea
polyphagia
Stages of Disease
Latent period
prodromal period
acute phase
subclinical stage
Latent period
the time between exposure of tissue to injurious agent an first appearance of signs and symptoms. Also refers to time during an illness when signs and symptoms temporarily disappear
Prodromal Period
time during which first signs and or symptoms appear indicating onset disease
Acute phase
disease reaches full intensity
Subclinical Phase
patient functions normally, disease processes are well established
Acute clinical course
sever manifestations that can last anywhere from hours, to days, to weeks
chronic clinical course
may last months to years, sometimes following an acute course
Exacerbation
a sudden increase in severity of disease or signs and symptoms
Convalescence
stage of recovery after disease, injury, or surgical procedure
sequela
subsequent pathologic condition resulting from an illness (one disease leads to another)
Statistical Normality
estimate of diseases in a normal population, based on a bell curve
reliability of a test
test’s ability to give the same result in repeated measurments
validity of a test
degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of what it intends to measure
predicted value of a test
extent to which a test can differentiate between presence or absence of a person’s condition
INR
International Normalized Ratio
Sensitivity of a test
probability that a test will be positive when applied to a person with a particular condition
Specificity of a test
Probability that a test will be negative when applied without a particular condition
Factors that affect the normality of health
cultural considerations age differences gender differences situational differences time variations
Epidemeology
study of the patters of disease involving populations (occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distrubution)
Endemic Disease
native to a local region
epidemic disease
spread to many people at the same time
pandemic disease
spread to large geographic areas
Aggregate factors or Epidemiologic Variables
age ethnice group gender socioeconomic factors and lifestyle considerations geographic location
Primary Prevention
altering susceptibility or reducing exposure from susceptible persons (before infection)
Secondary Prevention
Early detection, screening, and management of disease
after infection but before acute phase
Tertiary Prevention
Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning (treating a disease during its acute phase)
