Chapter 1

Question 1

Framework of Patho

Answer 1

based on the common or classic presentation of disease in the physiologic functioning of human beings

Question 2

Etiology

Answer 2

• the study of causes or reasons for phenomena
• identifies casual factors that provoke a particular disease (basically the cause of disease or condition)
• classified as idiopathic or iatrogenic

Question 3

Idiopathic disease

Answer 3

cause of disease is unknown

Question 4

Iatrogenic diesease

Answer 4

cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment (not the same as nosocomial, where the cause is indirect)

Question 5

Risk factors

Answer 5

a factor that when present increases the likelihood of a disease. classified as modifiable and non modifiable (can and cannot change)

Question 6

Pathogenesis

Answer 6

the development or evolution of disease, from the initial stimulus to ultimate expression of the manifestations of the disease.

Question 7

Signs

Answer 7

objective or observed manifestation of disease

Question 8

symptoms

Answer 8

subjective feeling of abnormality in the body

Question 9

syndrome

Answer 9

etiology of signs and symptoms has not yet been identified

Question 10

Edema

Answer 10

swelling

Question 11

dyspnea

Answer 11

shortness of breath

Question 12

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Answer 12

wake up in the middle of the night gasping

Question 13

hemoptysis

Answer 13

blocking of blood

Question 14

3 p’s of diabetes

Answer 14

polydipsia
polyurea
polyphagia

Question 15

Stages of Disease

Answer 15

Latent period
prodromal period
acute phase
subclinical stage

Question 16

Latent period

Answer 16

the time between exposure of tissue to injurious agent an first appearance of signs and symptoms. Also refers to time during an illness when signs and symptoms temporarily disappear

Question 17

Prodromal Period

Answer 17

time during which first signs and or symptoms appear indicating onset disease

Question 18

Acute phase

Answer 18

disease reaches full intensity

Question 19

Subclinical Phase

Answer 19

patient functions normally, disease processes are well established

Question 20

Acute clinical course

Answer 20

sever manifestations that can last anywhere from hours, to days, to weeks

Question 21

chronic clinical course

Answer 21

may last months to years, sometimes following an acute course

Question 22

Exacerbation

Answer 22

a sudden increase in severity of disease or signs and symptoms

Question 23

Convalescence

Answer 23

stage of recovery after disease, injury, or surgical procedure

Question 24

sequela

Answer 24

subsequent pathologic condition resulting from an illness (one disease leads to another)

Question 25

Statistical Normality

Answer 25

estimate of diseases in a normal population, based on a bell curve

Question 26

reliability of a test

Answer 26

test's ability to give the same result in repeated measurments

Question 27

validity of a test

Answer 27

degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of what it intends to measure

Question 28

predicted value of a test

Answer 28

extent to which a test can differentiate between presence or absence of a person's condition

Question 29

INR

Answer 29

International Normalized Ratio

Question 30

Sensitivity of a test

Answer 30

probability that a test will be positive when applied to a person with a particular condition

Question 31

Specificity of a test

Answer 31

Probability that a test will be negative when applied without a particular condition

Question 32

Factors that affect the normality of health

Answer 32

``` cultural considerations age differences gender differences situational differences time variations ```

Question 33

Epidemeology

Answer 33

study of the patters of disease involving populations (occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distrubution)

Question 34

Endemic Disease

Answer 34

native to a local region

Question 35

epidemic disease

Answer 35

spread to many people at the same time

Question 36

pandemic disease

Answer 36

spread to large geographic areas

Question 37

Aggregate factors or Epidemiologic Variables

Answer 37

``` age ethnice group gender socioeconomic factors and lifestyle considerations geographic location ```

Question 38

Primary Prevention

Answer 38

altering susceptibility or reducing exposure from susceptible persons (before infection)

Question 39

Secondary Prevention

Answer 39

Early detection, screening, and management of disease | after infection but before acute phase

Question 40

Tertiary Prevention

Answer 40

Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning (treating a disease during its acute phase)