Flashcards in Chapter 10 Deck (37):
1
What does ecology effect
Interactions and distribution
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Definition of community
All populations of an organism living in a Defined territory
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Habitat
The physical place where an organism lives
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Niches
Resources, biotic and abiotic, an organism uses for survival, growth and reproduction
5
Population demand specific what to survive ?, when do these things affect the population ?, what are they called
Resources
When they are in short supply
Limiting resources
6
Limiting resources include but are not limited to
Light
Nutrients
Space (habitat)
Oxygen and a carbon dioxide
Inorganic compounds
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Even if open organism can obtain a limiting resources there is still a ? That any habitat can support. This is known as?, as population becomes more crowded growth rate will ?
Maximum number of organisms
Tarring capacity
Decrease
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Population when unchecked leads to ?
Exponential growth
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Three ways species interact
Competition
Symbiosis- work with each other
Predator prey interactions -eat each other
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Competition occurs when organisms have to fight with each other over ? What are two types of competition ?
Limiting resources
Intraspecific- within species
Inter specific- other species
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An organisms can use a resource at the ... Of another organisms which results in what? Poorer competitions then?
Expense
Reduced ability to survive or reproduce
Die out
12
Possible outcomes of inter specific competition?
One individual excludes the other -principle of competitive solution
They coexist- resource partitioning
13
Fundamental niche v. Realized niche , which one may be different and why
All resources a species is capable of using
All the resources a species actually uses in a community
Realized niche because of interactions with competitors
14
Resource partitioning , this can lead to what?
Competition species may coexist if they use the same resources in a different way or at a different time
Reduction in individual populations
15
Three types of symbiosis
Mutualism: both species benefit
Commensalism p: one species benefits with no apparent affect on the other
Parasitism: one species benefits and harms the other
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Definition of ecology
Interaction between organisms and their environment
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A symbiotic relationship where they can survive without each other is , they cannot survive without one another. S,Allen is knows as and larger is knows as
Facultative symbiosis
Obligate symbiosis
Symbionts, host
18
Prey have adaptations that help them not getting eating are
Mimicry
Camouflage
Warning coloration
19
Benthos
Sessile
Nekton
Pelagic
Plankton
This that live on the bottom
Those that are attached to the bottom
Those that swim well enough oppose currents
Those that live up in the water column
Those that swim weakly or not at all
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Two types of plankton
Phytoplankton zooplankton
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What zones are benthic animals divided by
Depth of the benthic zones
Intertidal - between high and low tide (exposed once a day and give in NC)
Subtidal - always submerged below low tide level
22
All ecosystems require a constant ? Chemicals and nutrient are.. In an ecosystem
Input of energy
Cycled
23
How does energy flow through an ecosystem ?, what is this determined by
From non-living to living between organisms and back
Trophic structure (relates to feeding )
24
Is all of the energy stored by individuals at one Trophic level available to the next ? How much is transferred to the next level
No energy needs take up most of the energy created or consumed
10% (5-20)
25
Food chains rarely extend beyond four Trophic levels except in the ocean Community why?
There is more biomass at the bottom- primary producer level
System can support more secondary consumers
26
What is gross primary production , what is net primary production
Total amount of primary production
Organic matter left over after primary producers meet their own needs (base)
27
What is standing stock
Total amount of phytoplankton in the water
28
What is required for primary producers to create organic molecules
Carbon dioxide
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What else is needed for organic compounds and must be cycled through the ecosystem , nitrogen is fixed by what , what is the most important form
Phosphorus and nitrogen
Cyanobacteria, bacteria, archaea
Nitrate
30
Phosphorus enters through what
Rivers as phosphate
31
Certain elements or compounds taken up by organisms cannot?, what happens as a result?, what are some examples
Metabolized or excreted
They bioaccumulate and each toxic levels
Heavy metals, non biodegradable pesticides, toxins produced by organisms
32
What is biomagnification
When the effects of bio accumulated materials are magnified through the food we
33
Pelagic zone can be divided into what zones
Epipelagic
Mesopelagic
Bathypelagic, abyssopelagic, hadopelagic
34
Epipelagic- extends from? Plenty of sunlight available for
Waters surface to 200 m, primary production
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Mesopelagic - extends from ? Sunlight is ? Sometimes referred to as ?
Lower limit of epipelagic to about 1000 m
Not plentiful however research shows some primary production occurs but very reduced
36
Bathy, abysso, hado- are what zones ? Extend how far down
Deep sea
Bathy-4,000
Abysso-6,000
Hado- in trenches : anything below 6,000
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