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Marine Biology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

In the Southern Hemisphere … Of the total area is ocean

A

80%

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2
Q

Four large basins

A

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, arctic

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3
Q

What is the oldest and deepest

A

Pacific

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4
Q

How long do scientist believe earth originated

A
  1. 5 bill. Years ago Big Bang THEORY
  2. 7 Big Bang
  3. 5 organisms
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5
Q

What is an essential element to sustain life

A

Location relative to sun allows water to stay liquid

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6
Q

Core

A

Innermost layer, solid inner core liquid outer, iron rich magnetism

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7
Q

Mantle

A

Middle layer , semi plastic

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8
Q

Crust

A

Outermost layer , thinnest portion

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9
Q

Oceanic crust

A

Basalt , denser than continental

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10
Q

Continental

A

Granite, construction mainly, less dense than oceanic

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11
Q

Oceanic v. Continental

A 
3.0 density, 2.7 g/cm^3
5 km 20 to 50 km thick
Young old
Dark light 
Iron, magnesium / sodium potassium calcium aluminum
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12
Q

Continental drift was proposed in and by

A

1912 Alfred wegner

Single supercontinent Pangea

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13
Q

When did Pangea break up

A

180 mill. Years ago

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14
Q

Why was it not widely accepted

A

Not explain how

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15
Q

Main features of plate tectonics

A

Covered by crustal plates
Constantly moving spreading in center and sinking at edges being regenerated
Convections currents assist movement
Heat from mantle drives currents

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16
Q

Mid oceanic floor rise from … What are they

A

Ocean floor , submarine volcanic mountains

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17
Q

What is ridge displaced by

A

Faults in earths crust called transform faults

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18
Q

Where is very little sediment located and what does it mean

A

At bottom near mid ocean ridge, not old

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19
Q

Where does sediment get thicker

A

Farther away from ridge, older, sediment has had time to accumulate

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20
Q

At random intervals earth’s magnetic field….. New rock formed from… Record the orientation of earths ….. at the same time … Cools

A

Reverses , magma , magnetic fields, magma

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21
Q

Studies of sea floor records stripes of…. That are ….. To the mid ocean ridges. This is evidence of

A

Alternating magnetization, parallel, continuous formation of new rocks at ridges

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22
Q

As new rocks are formed

A

Olde dis pushed away forming patterns

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23
Q

Chains of islands are found throughout oceans especially in

A

Pacific, island arcs

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24
Q

Island arcs are situated along what? No on which side

A

Deep sea trenches, continental side , other side is sub ducted

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25
Underneath the earth's crust is a layer of
Heated rock driving creation of new ocean floor
26
Pangea was surrounded by single world ocean
Panthalassa
27
What sea separated Eurasia from Africa
Tethys
28
How long ago were Panthalassa and Tethys in place
200 mill.
29
180 mill. Years ago a rift formed between
North America and South America +Africa
30
What two continents were formed form Pangea
Laurasia and Gondwana beginning of mid Atlantic ridge
31
Split up Gondwana
Indian ocean formed
32
How long ago did rift between soutbamerica and Africa form
135 mill. Joined mid ocean ridge in North Atlantic to form one single mid Atlantic ridge
33
As the Atlantic Ocean grows the Americas are carried farther away from
Eurasia and Africa
34
Atlantic Ocean ... And Pacific Ocean ....
Grows, shrinks
35
Lithogenous sediments
Derived from break down of rocks weathering
36
Biogenous sediments
Derived from skeletons and shells of marine organisms
37
Biogenous sediments can reveal
Info from the past
38
Ocean temp. at time microfossils were formed can be determined by ratio of
Magnesium to calcium | Different ratios of oxygen isotopes
39
Margins of continents are boundaries between
Continental and oceanic crust
40
Boundaries consist of
Continental shelf landward Slope Rise seaward
41
Continental shelf makes up ... Oceans surface area , biologicallyis the
8% richest area of ocean
42
What is the width of the continental shelf, where is shelf break
1 km to 750, 120 - 400 m
43
Slope is the ... Of the continent , begins at ... And continues to...,mint is the .... Part
Edge , shelf break deep sea floor , steepest
44
Rise is formed by what
Sediments that have been pushed down to continental shelf and slope, underwater river delta
45
Passive margins
Geologically inactive , flat wide coastal plains , wide continental shelves , gradually sloping slopes
46
Example of passive margins
East coast of us
47
Active margins
Intense geological activity , earthquakes volcanoes trenches , steep rocky shorelines, narrow continental shelves , steep continental slopes
48
Example of active margins
West coast of us
49
Where were similar fossils founded
South America and Africa
50
Rock types were found similar in
North America and Europe, Madagascar and India
51
Coal deposits from tropical plants on artcic islands
Northern continents once occupied tropical latitudes
52
Alfred Holmes what year
1928 circular convection currents of molten material provide ample force to divide and move continents
53
Late 1960's theory of
Plate tectonics .., technology floor was not essentially flat 50000 km long ridges and 11 km deep trenches
54
Detected pattern of
Alternating magnetic polarity emanated from ridge tops
55
Volcanic activity and island building occurs most at
Trenches
56
Who came up with sea floor spreading
Harry Hess and Robert dietz
57
Divergent boundary
Mid ocean ridges , two plates move away making break or rift , magma rises up making new crust
58
Convergent boundary
Two plates moving toward each other meet , denser subducts , if both made of continental very little subducts Instead they buckle and form valleys, ridges, high mountains
59
Transform boundary
Plates slide along each other in opposite directions | When they get stuck there is a build up of tension , released in earthquake form
60
What are most geologically active
Zones along plate boundaries
61
Earthquakes are common among what types of boundaries
All boundaries
62
Volcanoes are associated with what type of boundaries
Divergent and convergent
63
Well known plate boundaries that encircles Pacific Ocean and has frequent earthquake and volcanoes is called
Ring of fire
64
Hot spots
Magma burns through as plate is moving
65
What is an example of a hotspot
Hawaii
66
Topography is the study of .
is the study of Earth's surface features, for the purposes of this activity, it specifically involves the recording and study of the planet's relief or terrain above sea level.
67
Bathymetry is
study of Earth's underwater features for the purpose of this activity, it specifically involves the recording and studying of the planet's water depth below sea level.
68
What changes because of typography and bathymetry
Latitude, longitude, elevation, depth
69
Where is mt. Everest
Eastern Nepal, border of Tibet, Himalayan mountain range
70
What was mt. Everest named after and what year
Sir George Everest British surveyor general of India | 1865
71
Lowest ocean depth is called and where is it
Challenger deep beneath western Pacific Ocean , Philippine sea in southern end of Marianna's trench
72
What was challenger deep named after and when
British survey ship challenger II which surveyed trench in 1951
73
Other names for Everest
Chomolungma -Tibetan Sagarmatha- Nepalese Deodungha- local area Nepalese Shengmu feng- simple Chinese
74
Lowest ocean depths is how far from highest peak
6325 km southeast
75
In the northern hemisphere... Total area is ocean
61%
76
What two types of structures are found at subduction zones
Volcanoes trenches
77
What causes trench to form
One plate sinks beneath another
78
Geologic process at mid ocean ridge
Volcano and earthquake
79
Black smokers result from
Minerals
80
Where can we find island arch along trench
Aleutian Islands

Marine Biology (16 decks)

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