Chapter 8 Flashcards by Sydney Klyczek

How many species and how many marine , fish are the ….. Vertebrates

24,000, 15,000, oldest and largest

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How much of the vertebrate species are fish

1/2

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Agnatha are known as the…. Fish , circular mouth with rows of teeth in ….. What type of body? What do they lack and what two types

Jawless 
Rings
Long cylindrical
Paired fins and scales
Lampreys and hagfish

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How many species of hagfish and how many marine

20 all

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What do hagfish feed on , live on , protect themselves ?

Dead and dying fish and marine mammals
Marine burrows in soft sediment
Large amounts of mucous from glands in skin

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Lamprey how many species and what water do they live in, adults go where for breeding and do they live after breeding

30
Freshwater and marine
Go to freshwater to breed then die

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How do lampreys eat

On living fish by rasping into sides with sucker like mouth and consuming blood tissue and body fluids

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Advancements in Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes

Efficient gills
Scales
Paired fins
Variety of jaw and feeding types
Lateral line and sensory organs 
Streamlined body

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Are marine fish all vertebrates ? If so what types

Yes , bone and cartilage

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Chondrichthyes, species , things in this group, skeleton made of what, what kind of jaws, what kind of scales

1000
Shark, Rays, skates
Cartilage
Movable
Placoid

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How many gill slits, spiracles do what?, and what do male species have that help in copulation

5-7
Help them breathe when they aren’t swimming
Claspers extensions of the anal fin

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Details about sharks: primarily live in what water, but some go up mouths of river to?, I. Addition to lateral Line sharks have what organ ?, this allows them to do what

Marine, freshwater

Lorenzini: detect electrical current , allows them to detect prey that is hidden

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Sharks posses how many dorsal fins , what are the different kinds of reproduction, how many species, what type of eater

2
Vivipary:live birth 
Ovipary:Lay egg cases
Ovovipipary: egg hatches inside 
350
Carnivorous, planktonic

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Rays always have ….birth, pectoral fins flattened into ? And their bodies are flattened how?, how many gill slits and where are they located ,

Wings
Dorsoventrally
5 on underside

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Rays spend much of their time on the bottom which is another word for?, teeth are ?, in sting ray there is a ? At the base of the tail that is activated when?, electric rays have organs that?

Demersal
Large flattened teeth
Spine with venom 
Step on or make contact with 
Produce electricity on either side of the head

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What is different from rays and skates

Fleshy tail with no spine on it

Always lay egg cases , with embryo that develops for weeks to months

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What is the same in rays and skates

Wings, dorsalventrally flattened

Demersal

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Ratfish: how many species, mostly are …water,how many pairs of gills slits , feed on?, what kind of tail, what makes them different from others in the group

30
Deep
1 pair covered by flap of skin
Heterocercal
Fin rays

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Ratfishes are also known as

Chimera

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Osteichthyes: how many species , gills used for what and what do they have, what kind of jaws, what kind of tail

23,000
Respiration, operculum
Hinged
Homocercal: two lobes of equal size and forward thrusts

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Bony fish: scales?, what does operculum do?, lateral line used in, swim bladder?,

Ctenoid, cycloid
Provides protection for gills,
Sensory capacity, communication
Buoyancy control

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What kind of coloration do almost all bony fish have ?

Countershading, dorsal is dark ventral is light, blends in with environment so if predator sees them from above or below they blend

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Slower swimming fish have what type of coloration

Disruptive, bars or stripes

Cryptic to blend in

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What do circular patterns neared the caudal fin do ? Warning coloration?

Confuse predators who normally attack the head first
If he is attacked on caudal fin he can get away with minor damage
Colors to show poison

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Streamlined fish include ? Which allows for very little flexibility except in?

Tuna, billfish | Caudal

What is the area just before the tail of streamlined fish and what does it do

Caudal peduncle , allows for muscles to concentrate in this area allowing for greater thrust

Angelfish are the opposite of streamlined fish because

Their fins are feather like for lots of flexibility

Stone fish and toad fish look like what?

Rocks or scenery

Fish exhibit what kind of swimming pattern, what drives this swimming pattern,

S shaped | Myomeres

Since swim bladder is absent in shark what do they have instead, what happens when they stop swimming

Lipid rich liver | They sink , also no lift when swimming

How are sharks aided in lift

Position and stiffness of pectorals

What are the pectorals used for in bony fish , in smaller fish what kind of movement is aided by pectorals

Flexible and maneuverability | Forward

In other species fins may be modified for ...... And this means the fins will not

Camouflage | Allow for significant movement

Is the construction of the gill the same for all fish? Gill arch, gill rakers, gill filaments , lamella

``` Yes Supports entire structure On forward surface of gill arch, modified for food capture in plankton Behind gill arch Increase surface area for gas exchange ```

What takes place on gill surfaces

Like lungs in human exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

What does mouth structure reveal

Dietary preferences

The beak adaptation is seen in?, and allows fish to do what, what mouth adaptation does butterfly fish have, barracuda uses ?

Parrotfish, used to scrape algae off of other organisms Long tube mouth to feed in corals Long rows of sharp teeth and wide mouth to capture prey

Position of mouth is important yes or no?, forward facing mouth is good for, downward is good for

Yes Chase down prey fish that feed at bottom

Digestion of food in fish is completed with

Stomach,intestine, (with cloaca or anus), liver, pyloric caeca, pancreas

The stomach of a fish is structured like

A human stomach

What do the liver, pancreas, intestine, and pyloric caeca do to aid in digestion

Secrete digestive enzymes

Intestines of carnivorous v. Herbivorous

Short and straight | Long and coiled , because harder to process so stay longer

Fish have a .... Chambered heart, where does blood return for oxygenation

2 | Gill filaments

Oxygen and carbon dioxide will .... Through thin membranes either in the ????

Diffuse | Gills or tissues

Osmoregulation is?, fish have a tendency to gain... And lose....,

Term given to the process of managing internal water, solute balance Salutes , water

How have fish performed osmoregulation

Swallow seawater then expel in digestive process Pass very little urine Urine is hugely concentrated with salutes and less with water

Cartilaginous fish keep the same .......... How?

Blood concentration as seawater Keeping urea in system No solute so gained

Fish posses what for smell , where are tastebuds located?, what changes for the fishes eyes

Olfactory sacs Mouth, lips, barbells, skin The position of the lens

In sharks the eye is covered by a

Nictitating membrane that covers the eye to protect from predators

Fish rely heavily on the ......line system , series of ..... And......lined with what to detect what

Lateral Pores, canals .... Neuromast , vibrations Predator, prey, or position

The inner ears are set in what? With what kind of cells

Fluid filled canals , sensory cells

Fish also detect body positions changes through ?

Otoliths that rest on sensory hairs , (find age)

Schooling makes it possible for a small group of fish to appear? It makes it harder for a predator to? Many fish school as? How many species do this as adults

Larger Attack one fish Juveniles 4000

How do fish maintain their territories, some examples , do fights occur often

Posturing Raised fins, open mouth , darting No rarely

Anadromous v. Catadromous

Salmon lamprey sturgeon, live in saltwater but migrate to fresh for reproductive purposes American eel freshwater then migrate to salt

What controls development of eggs and sperm?, what cues the release of sex hormones

Sex hormones | Water temp. , day length, tide cycles, NOT full moons

What is the most common form of reproduction

Broadcast spawning

What two types of hermaphrodites are there

Simultaneous: same time -more rare | Sequential : separate

Protandry v protogyny + examples , what are the cues for these changes

Male then female: clown fish Female then male: parrot fish Social structure or environment

Parthenogenic

Young develop directly from un fertilized eggs of the female, no male DNA required , clones of mom

What indicated readiness of reproduction

Color changes or body structure changes , intricate behaviors , helps ensure reproduction

Chapter 8 Flashcards

(61 cards)