Chapter 12 Psychology 175.102

Question 0

Maturation

Answer 0

Biologically based changes that following an orderly sequence, each step setting the stage for the next step according to an age-related timetable.

Question 1

Developmental psychology

Answer 1

Studies the way humans develop and change over time

Question 2

Critical periods

Answer 2

Periods of special sensitivity to specific types of learning and sensory stimulation that shape the capacity for future development

Question 3

Sensitive periods

Answer 3

Times that are more important to subsequent development than others

Question 4

Stages

Answer 4

Relatively discrete steps through which everyone progresses in the same sequence

Question 5

Cross sectional studies

Answer 5

Compare groups of participants of different ages at a single time to see whether differences exist among them

Question 6

Cohort effects

Answer 6

Differences among age groups associated with differences in the culture

Question 7

Longitudinal studies

Answer 7

Assess the same individuals over time, providing the opportunity to assist age changes rather than age differences

Question 8

Sequential studies

Answer 8

Minimise the cohort effect by studying multiple cohorts longitudinally

Question 9

Teratogens

Answer 9

Environmental agents that harm the embryo or foetus.

Question 10

Foetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 10

A serious condition affecting up to half the babies born to alcoholic mothers

Question 11

Puberty

Answer 11

The time at which individuals become capable of reproduction

Question 12

Presbycusis

Answer 12

The inability to hear high-frequency sounds

Question 13

Ageism

Answer 13

Prejudice against old people

Question 14

Intermodal processing

Answer 14

The ability to associate sensations of an object from different senses or to match their own actions to behaviours they have observed visually

Question 15

Infantile amnesia

Answer 15

Completely lacking explicit memory for events before age 3 or 4

Question 16

Stages of prenatal development

Answer 16

Germinal period. (First two weeks)
Embryonic period. (Third week till eighth week)
Foetal period. (Nine weeks till birth)

Question 17

Alcohol effect on foetus

Answer 17

Numerous physical deformities, a wide range of mental abnormalities, learning disabilities, behavioural problems and attention difficulties

Question 18

Cocaine effects on foetus

Answer 18

Premature birth, malformed internal organs, withdrawal symptoms, respiratory problems, delayed motor development and death

Question 19

Maternal stress effects on foetus

Answer 19

Problems with attention and motor development

Question 20

Menopause

Answer 20

The sensation of the menstrual cycle. Can result in low estrogen levels. Usually begins in the 40s or 50s and my last several years

Question 21

Orienting reflex

Answer 21

The tendency of humans, even from birth, to pay more attention to novel stimuli than to stimuli to which they have become habituated or grown accustomed.

Question 22

Assimilation

Answer 22

Involves interpreting actions or events in terms of one presents schemas

Question 23

Schema

Answer 23

An organised, repeatedly exercised pattern of thought or behaviour

Question 24

Accommodation

Answer 24

The modification of schemas to fit reality

Question 25

Equilibrium

Answer 25

Balancing assimilation and accommodation to adapt to the world

Question 26

Structure of thought

Answer 26

The distinct underlying logic that children use at each stage of development

Question 27

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 27

The stage in which infants think with your hands, mouth and senses, last from birth to about two years of age

Question 28

Object permanence

Answer 28

The recognition that objects exist in time and space independent of the child actions on, or observation of, them.

Question 29

Egocentric

Answer 29

Thoroughly embedded in their own point of view

Question 30

Pre-operational stage

Answer 30

Character rise by the emergence of symbolic thought: the ability to use arbitrary symbols, such as words, to represent concepts. Begins around age 2 and last until ages 5 to 7

Question 31

Centration

Answer 31

The tendency to focus, or centre, on one perceptually striking feature of an object without considering other features that might be relevant.

Question 32

Operations

Answer 32

Internalised actions the individual can use to manipulate, transform and then return object which original state.

Question 33

Concrete operational stage

Answer 33

Children are capable of operating on, or mentally manipulating, internal representations of concrete objects in ways that are reversible. Ages 7 to 12.

Question 34

Conservation

Answer 34

The basic properties of an object or situation remains stable (are conserved) even though superficial properties may be changed.

Question 35

Formal operational stage

Answer 35

Characterised by the ability to manipulate abstract as well as concrete objects, events and ideas mentally. Begins about ages 12 to 15

Question 36

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Answer 36

A continuum of cognitive development, ranging from a child's individual capacity for problem solving to a more advanced and collaboratively based level of cognitive development.

Question 37

Automatisation

Answer 37

The process of executing mental processes with increasing efficiency so they require less and less attention.

Question 38

Knowledgebase

Answer 38

Accumulated knowledge

Question 39

Metacognition

Answer 39

Thinking about thinking

Question 40

Metamemory

Answer 40

Knowledge about one's own memory and about strategies that can be used to help remember.

Question 41

Neo-Piagetian theorists

Answer 41

They attempt to integrate Piagetian and information processing theories

Question 42

Psychomotor slowing

Answer 42

And increase the time required for processing and acting on information

Question 43

Dementia

Answer 43

A disorder marked by a global disturbance of higher mental functions

Question 44

Alzheimer's disease

Answer 44

A progressive and incurable illness that destroys neurons in the brain, severely impairing memory, reasoning, perception, language and behaviour.

Question 45

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory

Answer 45

Emphasises the role of social interaction for the child as motivation for cognitive gains and learning

Question 46

Criticisms of Piaget's theory

Answer 46

1. Focus too heavily on the kind of rational thinking typical of scientific pursuits 2. The assumption that a child's thinking tends to be at one stage or another 3. Underestimated the capacities of infants and preschool children 4. Failed to pay enough attention to the role of culture in development

Question 47

Piaget's theory of cognitive development

Answer 47

He argued that children develop knowledge by constructing reality out of their own experience, mixing what they observed with their own ideas about how the world works.

Question 48

Transitivity

Answer 48

That is A < B and B < C, then A < C