Chapter 13 Psychology 175.102

Question 0

Attachment

Answer 0

The enduring ties of affection that children form with the primary caregivers. Includes a desire for proximity to an attachment figure, a sense of security derived from the person’s presence and feelings of distress when the person is absent.

Question 1

Social development

Answer 1

Changes in interpersonal thought, feeling and behaviour throughout the life span

Question 2

Contact comfort

Answer 2

The ties that bind an infant to its caregivers. Harry Harlow

Question 3

Imprinting

Answer 3

The tendency of young animals of certain species to follow an animal to which they were exposed during a sensitive period early in their lives

Question 4

Separation anxiety

Answer 4

Distress at separation from their attachment figures

Question 5

Secure attachment style

Answer 5

Infant who welcome their mothers return and seek closeness to her.

Question 6

Avoidant attachment style

Answer 6

Infants who ignore the mother when she returns

Question 7

Ambivalent attachment style

Answer 7

Infants who are angry and rejecting while simultaneously indicating a clear desire to be close to the mother

Question 8

Disorganised attachment style

Answer 8

Behaving contradictory ways, indicating helpless efforts to elicit soothing responses from the attachment figure. They often approach the mother while simultaneously gazing away, or appearing disoriented, is manifested in stereotyped rocking and dazed facial expressions.

Question 9

Internal working models

Answer 9

Or mental representations of attachment relationships that form the basis for expectations in close relationships

Question 10

Adult attachment

Answer 10

Refers to ways of experiencing attachment relationships in adulthood

Question 11

Socialisation

Answer 11

Learning the rules, beliefs, values, skills, attitudes and behaviour patterns of your society. Children learned from a variety of socialisation agents, individuals and groups that transmit social knowledge and values to the child.

Question 12

Authoritarian parenting

Answer 12

Parents place high-value on obedience and respect for authority

Question 13

Permissive parenting

Answer 13

Parents imposed virtually no controls on the children, allowing them to make a own decisions whenever possible

Question 14

Authoritative parenting

Answer 14

Parents set standards for the children and firmly enforce them, but they also in courage give and take and explain Their views while showing respect for the children’s opinions

Question 15

Uninvolved parenting

Answer 15

Parents who consistently placed to own needs above the needs of the child

Question 16

Guidance approach parenting

Answer 16

Parents help the children to manage their emotions, cooperate with others and think about the effects of their behaviour on others.

Question 17

Gender roles

Answer 17

Specify the range of behaviours considered appropriate for males and females

Question 18

Gender

Answer 18

Refers to the psychological meaning of being male or female, which influenced by learning

Question 19

Sex

Answer 19

Refers to a biological categorisation based on genetic and anatomical differences

Question 20

Sex typing

Answer 20

The process by which children acquire personality traits, emotional responses, skills, behaviours and preferences that are culturally considered appropriate to their sex.

Question 21

Rejected children

Answer 21

Children who are disliked by their peers

Question 22

Neglected children

Answer 22

Children who are ignored by their peers

Question 23

Social cognition

Answer 23

The child’s understanding of themselves, others and relationships

Question 24

Self-concept

Answer 24

An organised view of ourselves or way of representing information about the self

Question 25

Perspective taking

Answer 25

The ability to understand other people's viewpoints or perspectives

Question 26

Theory of mind

Answer 26

An implicit set of ideas about the existence of mental states, such as beliefs and feelings, in oneself and others

Question 27

Gender identity

Answer 27

The ability to categorise themselves and others as either male or female

Question 28

Gender stability

Answer 28

Occurs when children understand that their gender remains constant over time

Question 29

Gender constancy

Answer 29

Occurs when children learn that a persons gender cannot be altered by changes in appearance or activities

Question 30

Gender schemas

Answer 30

Mental representations that associates psychological characteristics with each sex

Question 31

Sex-role ideology

Answer 31

Beliefs about appropriate behaviours of the sexes

Question 32

Morality of constraint

Answer 32

In which children believe that morals are absolute

Question 33

Morality of cooperation

Answer 33

Moral rules can be changed if they are not appropriate to the occasion, as long as the people involved agree to do so

Question 34

Pre-conventional morality

Answer 34

Children follow moral rules either to avoid punishment or to obtain reward

Question 35

Conventional morality

Answer 35

Children define what is right and wrong by the standards they have learned from other people, particularly respected authorities such as the parents

Question 36

Post conventional morality

Answer 36

The morality of abstract, self defined principles that may or may not match the dominant morals of the time

Question 37

Prosocial behaviour

Answer 37

Behaviour that benefits other individuals or groups

Question 38

Narcissistic

Answer 38

Self-centred and interested in gratifying their own needs

Question 39

Empathy

Answer 39

Feeling for another person who is hurting. Empathy has both the cognitive component (understanding what the person is experiencing) and emotional component (experiencing a similar feeling).

Question 40

Empathic distress

Answer 40

Feeling upset for another person. Can motivate moral or prosocial behaviour.

Question 41

Psychosocial stages

Answer 41

Stages in the development of a person as a social being. Eric Ericsson

Question 42

Developmental task

Answer 42

A challenge that is normative for that period of life

Question 43

Ericsson's psychosocial stages

Answer 43

0 to 18 mths. Basic trust versus mistrust. 1 to 2 years. Autonomy versus shame and doubt. 3 to 6 years. Initiative versus guilt. 7 to 11 years. Industry versus inferiority. Teenage years. Identity versus identity confusion. 20s-30s. Intimacy versus isolation. 40s-60s. Generativity versus stagnation. 60s on. Integrity versus despair.

Question 44

Basic trust versus mistrust. 0 to 18 months.

Answer 44

Infants come to trust others or to perceive the social world is hostile or unreliable.

Question 45

Autonomy versus shame and doubt. 1 to 2 years

Answer 45

Toddlers at this stage learn to feel secure and independent or to experience doubt in their new-found skills and shame at their failures.

Question 46

Initiative versus guilt

Answer 46

A sense of goal-directness and responsibility versus a rigid, tyrannical conscience

Question 47

Industry versus an inferiority. 7 to 11 years

Answer 47

Children develop a sense of competence or of in adequacy, as they begin to develop and practice skills that they will use for a lifetime of productive work.

Question 48

Identity versus identity confusion. Adolescence

Answer 48

Identity - A stable sense of who one is and what one's values and ideals are. Identity confusion - when the individual fails to develop coherent and enduring sense of self and has difficulty committing to roles, values, people or occupational choices.

Question 49

Initiation rights

Answer 49

Ceremonies during adolescence that initiate the child into adult hood and impose a socially bestowed identity.

Question 50

Negative identity

Answer 50

Defining themselves is not something or someone or taking on a role a society defines as bad

Question 51

Intimacy versus isolation. Young adults

Answer 51

Establishing enduring, committed relationships or withdrawing and avoiding commitment.

Question 52

Generativity versus stagnation. Midlife

Answer 52

People begin to leave some kind of lasting legacy or feel alienated from relationships and community.

Question 53

Generativity

Answer 53

Means concern for the next generation as well as an interest in producing something of lasting value to society.

Question 54

Stagnation

Answer 54

The feeling that the promise of youth has gone unfulfilled.

Question 55

Integrity versus despair. 60s and on.

Answer 55

A time in which individuals look back on their lives with a sense of having lived well or with despair and regret.

Question 56

Conflict model of social and personality development

Answer 56

Conflict in crisis are normal in adolescence. Adolescents need to go through a period of crisis to separate themselves psychologically from their parents and to carveout your own identity

Question 57

Continuity model of social and personality development.

Answer 57

Adolescents is not a turbulent period but is essentially continuous with childhood and adulthood