Chapter 3 Psychology 175.102

Question 0

Sensory neurons

Answer 0

Transmit information from the sensory cells called receptors to the brain.

Question 1

Neurons

Answer 1

Basic units of the nervous system

Question 2

Interneurons

Answer 2

Nerve cells that connect other neurons with one another.

Question 3

Motor neurons

Answer 3

Transmit commands from interneurons to the glands and muscles of the body.

Question 4

Anatomy of a neuron

Answer 4

Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Myelin sheath
Terminal buttons
Synapses

Question 5

Glutamate

Answer 5

Neurotransmitter that can excite nearly every neuron in the nervous system

Question 6

GABA

Answer 6

Neurotransmitter that play an inhibitory role.

Question 7

Dopamine

Answer 7

Neurotransmitter involved in thought, feeling, motivation, and behaviour

Question 8

Serotonin

Answer 8

Neurotransmitter involved in regulation of mood, sleep, eating, arousal and pain.

Question 9

Acetylcholine

Answer 9

Neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory.

Question 10

Endorphins

Answer 10

Neurotransmitter that elevates mood and reduces pain.

Question 11

Endocrine system

Answer 11

A collection of glands that secrete chemicals, called hormones, directly into the bloodstream.

Question 12

Pituitary gland

Answer 12

An oval structure in the brain often called the master gland because it stimulates and regulates other glands

Question 13

Thyroid gland

Answer 13

Located in the neck, releases hormones that control growth and metabolism

Question 14

Adrenal gland

Answer 14

Located in the kidneys. Secretes adrenaline and other hormones during emergencies.

Question 15

Pancreas

Answer 15

Located near the stomach, produces hormones that control blood-sugar levels

Question 16

Gonads

Answer 16

Glands that influence sexual development and behaviour.

Question 17

Testosterone

Answer 17

Male hormone of the gonads

Question 18

Estrogens

Answer 18

Female hormone of the gonads

Question 19

Central nervous system

Answer 19

Consists of brain and spinal cord

Question 20

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 20

Consists of neurons that convey messages to and from the CNS.
Somatic nervous system & Autonomic nervous system

Question 21

Somatic nervous system

Answer 21

Transmits sensory information to the central nervous system and carries out its commands

Question 22

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 22

Conveys information to and from internal bodily structures that carry out basic life support such as digestion and respiration.
Includes Sympathetic nervous system & Parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 23

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 23

Activated in response to threats.

Question 24

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 24

Supports the more mundane activities such as regulating blood-sugar, saliva, and eliminating wastes.

Question 25

Three parts of the Brain

Answer 25

1. Hindbrain 2. Midbrain 3. Forebrain

Question 26

Hindbrain

Answer 26

Medulla oblongata (medulla) Cerebellum Parts of reticular formation Pons

Question 27

Medulla

Answer 27

The extension of the spinal cord to the brain. Essential to life, controlling vital functions such as heartbeat, circulation and respiration

Question 28

Cerebellum

Answer 28

Large structure at back of brain involved in movement as well as other functions.

Question 29

Reticular formation

Answer 29

Major function is to control consciousness, regulate arousal levels and modulate the activity of neurons throughout the CNS

Question 30

Pons

Answer 30

Involved in respiration, movement, sleep, waking and dreaming

Question 31

Midbrain

Answer 31

Helps coordinate movement patterns, sleep and arousal

Question 32

Tectum

Answer 32

Includes structures involved in vision and hearing

Question 33

Tegmentum

Answer 33

Includes parts of the reticular formation and other neural structures. Related to movement.

Question 34

Forebrain

Answer 34

Involved in complex sensory, emotional, cognitive and behavioural processes. Consists of the hypothalamus thalamus, and cerebrum.

Question 35

Hypothalamus

Answer 35

Help regulate behaviours ranging from eating and sleeping to sexual activity emotional experience

Question 36

Thalamus

Answer 36

Processes sensory information as it arrives and transmits this information to the higher brain centres.

Question 37

Limbic system

Answer 37

Diverse functions including emotion, motivation, learning and memory

Question 38

Amygdala

Answer 38

Involved in many emotional processes especially learning and remembering emotionally significant events

Question 39

Hippocampus

Answer 39

Particularly important for storing new information in memory so that the person can later consciously remember it.

Question 40

Basal ganglia

Answer 40

Includes the putem and caudate nucleus involved in movement and judgement that require conscious thought

Question 41

Cerebral cortex includes ...

Answer 41

Frontal lobes Association areas, which are involved in complex mental processes such as perception and thinking Temporal lobes Primary areas, which usually process raw sensory data Occipital lobes Parietal lobes

Question 42

Occipital lobes

Answer 42

Specialised for vision

Question 43

Parietal lobes

Answer 43

Involved in several functions including the sense of touch, detecting movement in the environment, locating objects in space and experiencing one's own body as it moves through space

Question 44

Somatosensory cortex

Answer 44

Different sections of the somatosensory cortex receive information from different parts of the body

Question 45

Frontal lobes

Answer 45

Involved in a number of functions including movement, attention, planning, social skills, abstract thinking, memory and some aspects of personality

Question 46

Motor cortex

Answer 46

Through its projections to the basal ganglia, cerebellum and spinal cord, the motor cortex initiates voluntary movement

Question 47

Broca's area

Answer 47

Located in the left frontal lobe at the base of the motor cortex, is specialised for movement of the mouth and tongue necessary for speech production. It also plays a pivotal role in the use and understanding of grammar

Question 48

Temporal lobes

Answer 48

Particularly important in audition and language, although they have other functions as well

Question 49

Wernicke's area

Answer 49

Located in the left temporal lobe, is important in language comprehension. Damage to Wernick's area may produce Wernick's aphasia, characterised by difficulty understanding what words and sentences mean

Question 50

Corpus callosum

Answer 50

Joins the two hemispheres of the brain.

Question 51

Left hemisphere

Answer 51

The left hemisphere is more verbal and analytic

Question 52

Right hemisphere

Answer 52

The right hemisphere is specialised for non-linguistic functions

Question 53

Gene

Answer 53

The gene is the unit of hereditary transmission

Question 54

Chromosomes

Answer 54

Strands of paired DNA that spiral around each other. Human cells have 46 chromosomes, except sperm cells in males and egg cells in females, each of which has 23.

Question 55

Degree of the relatedness

Answer 55

The probability of sharing genes among relatives

Question 56

Monozygotic twins

Answer 56

Monozygotic twins developed from the union of the same sperm and egg. They share the same genetic make up so the degree of genetic relatedness is 1.0.

Question 57

Dizygotic twins

Answer 57

Dizygotic twins develop from the union of two sperm with two separate eggs. Like other siblings the degree of relatedness is .5

Question 58

Heritability coefficient

Answer 58

Quantifies the extent to which variation in the trait across individuals can be accounted for by genetic variation.