Flashcards in chapter 13 Deck (57):
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social psychology
the study of how other people influence what we think, feel and do
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minicry
taking on for ourselves the behaviors, emotional displays, and facial expressions of others
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chameleon effect
how people mimic others non-consciously automatically copy other behaviors even without realizing it
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social norms
the (usually unwritten) guidelines for how to behave in social contexts
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kurt lewin
behavior is a function of the person and the environment
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social loafing
occurs when an individual puts kess effort into working on a task with others
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social loafing 4 steps
1. avoid low- efficacy beliefs
2. ensure that all groups members view eachothers contributions as valuable
3. ensure that all group members place high value on the outcome of the project
4. ensure that all group members are putting in a strong effort and that they know how hard all of the other members are working
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conformity pressure
engaging in behavior because of actions, encouragement or insistence of others
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social facilitation
occurs when ones performance is affected by the presence of others
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group think
refers to this stifling of diversity that occurs when individuals are not able to express their true perspectives, instead having to focus on agreeing with others and maintaining harmony in the group
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normative influence
a social pressure to adopt a groups perspective in order to be accepted , rather than rejected by a group
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informational influence
which occurs when people internalize the values and beliefs of the group, coming to believe the same things and feel the same ways themselves
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soloman asch and 4 ways to make it difficult with his findings
asch's conformity experiment:
However, when Asch had confederates give the same wrong answers before the participants gave their judgment, 75% of participants gave the wrong answer on at least one trial
Each time confederates provided the wrong answer, about 1/3 of the participants provided the same wrong answer.
1. high females in group
2. close friends
3. uncertainty of task
4. required to express ideas in a public way
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bystander effect
the presence of other people actually reduces the likeihood of helping behavior (so many other people there that no one intervened) -kitty genovese
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diffusion of responsibility
which occurs when the responsibility for taking action is spread across more than one person thus making no single individual feel personally responsible
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pluralistic ignorance
occurs when there is a dis junction between the private belief of individuals and the public behavior they display to others
-When participants were alone, 75% of them investigated the smoke within 6 minutes.
-When participants shared the room with two unconcerned confederates, only 10% of them investigated the smoke within 6 minutes.
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social roles
are more specific sets of expectations for how someone in a specific position should behave
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explicit processes
which correspond roughly to "conscious" thought, are deliberative effortful, realitivly slow, and generally under our intentional control
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implicit processes
comprise our "unconscious" thought: they are intuitive, automatic, effortless, very fast, and operate largely outside of our intentional control
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association test implicit processes
white people respond negatively when they see a black face and positively for a white face
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dual process models
models of behavior that account for both implicit and explicit processes
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stanley milgram
effect of punishment on memory (shock)
-When participants were alone, 75% of them investigated the smoke within 6 minutes.
- When participants shared the room with two unconcerned confederates, only 10% of them investigated the smoke within 6 minutes.
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philip zimbardo
standard prison study
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person perception
the processes by which individuals categorize and form judgements about other people
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social cognition
how people mentally process, perceive and think about other people
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ta-nahisi coates
quote of racism
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prejudice
as assumption people make about another individual, because of the social group and that they belong to
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stereotype
a person's belief about the characteristics possessed by members of a social group
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discrimination
behaviors that place members of a social group at a disadvantage over members of another
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thin slices of behavior
Students’ evaluations after only the first 30 seconds of exposure to their instructor are surprisingly similar to their final course evaluation
-Other studies show that people will judge trustworthiness, competence, likeability, and aggressiveness after only spending 500 ms viewing a photograph of another person. (TINDER)
-Other studies show that people are better than chance at judging male’s sexual orientation after exposure to a picture of them for only 50 ms.
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self fulfilling prophecies
If you have a biased attitude toward someone, then your own actions might cause you to confirm your pre-existing belief
- In a study involving elementary school children, teachers were told that some of their students were exceptionally bright, even though the researchers selected those children at random.
- At the end of the year, the actual IQ scores of those children were significantly higher.
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false consensus effect
tenancy to project the self-concept onto the social world is known as this
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self-serving biases
Biases that support confidence in our own beliefs and natural abilities
-We tend to take personal credit for our successes, but generate excuses based on external factors for our failures.
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internal attribution
whereby the observer explains the behavior of the actor (driver) in terms of some innate quality of that person (being aggressive)
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external attributions
where the observer explains the actor behavior as the result of the situation
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self vs other attributions
Attributing other people’s positive or negative actions as reflecting their stable personality traits is called the FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
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naive realism
is the bias to think that our interpretation of events is the accurate one and that those who disagree are not of touch with reality
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fundamental attribution error (FAE)
tendency to over emphasize internal attribution and under emphasize external factors is known as this
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ingroups
groups we feel positively toward and identify with
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outgroups a
are those "other" groups that we dont identify with
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ingroup bias
positive bias toward the self get extended to include ones ingroups, people become motivated to see their ingroups as superior to their outgroups
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minimal group paradigm
Researchers divide people into groups based on an irrelevant feature,
-such as whether people preferred one or another painting or based on a coin flip.
-In a Brock University study, participants were randomly assigned to
“Group X” or “Group Y”.
-Then, when given the opportunity to distribute money between members of the two groups, participants gave more money to in-group than to out-group members.
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contact hypothesis
which predicts that social contact between members of different groups is extremely important to overcoming prejudice
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the elaboration likeihood model
people will be persuaded by logical arguments if they care enough and if they are not distracted by others concerns
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central route to persuasion
is all about substance occurs when people pay close attention to all context of a message, evaluate the evidence presented and examine the logic of the arguments
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construal level theory
describes how info affects us differently depending on our psychological distance from the info
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%of people who signed up for CATV after info
% of people who signed up for CATV after imagination ad
19%
47%
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identifiable victim effect
people tend to experience greater concern to provide assistance when they hear about an individual suffering than an abstract group
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analytical system
operates more at the explicit level on consciousness is slower, and more methodical and uses logic and discursive thinking
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experiential system
operates more implicit, quickly and intuitively and is predominantly emotional
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attitude inoculation
strategy for strengthening attitudes and making them more resistant to change by first exposing people to a weak counter -argument and them refuting that argument
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processing fluency
which is the ease with which info is processed
low: confusion- neg response
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door-in-the-face technique
involves asking for something relatively big, then following with a request for something small
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cognitive dissonance theory
when we hold inconsistent beliefs this creates a kind of aversive inner tension or dissonance we are then motivated to reduce this tension in whatever way we can
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tappers and listeners
tap out songs- think 50% will know
listen to the tapping and try to guess song- only 2.5% get it
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reciprocity
social norm in which people feel pressure to do something for you, if they have received something from you
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