Chapter 13: Digestive System Flashcards by Alyssa Poulsen

Peristalsis

wave-like contractions of the organ walls to move through the digestive tract and move undigested waste out of body

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enzymes

produce catalysts that speed up the rate of food breakdown (-ase)

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alimentary canal

other word for digestive tract

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palate

roof of mouth

Hard palate = bone
soft palate = soft tissue

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uvula

fleshy, hangs from soft palate, speech

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mastication

process of chewing

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saliva

starch digestion

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lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

at distal end of esophagus, this sphincter keeps stomach contents from refluxing

(ALSO CALLED CARDIAC SPHINCTER)

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pylorus

lower portion of stomach

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Small intestine parts

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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villi

small projections on intestines that absorb nutrients and add to circulation

each villus has capillaries (lymphatic -lacteals- and blood)

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lacteal

lymphatic capillary in villus

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large intestine parts

cecum (small pouch where it begins, appendix is here), colon, sigmoid colon, rectum

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liver

large gland
- process blood
- removes toxins
- converting nutrients

hepatic portal system (blood from liver)

BILE to digest fats

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gallbladder

stores bile produced in liver until needed for digestion
- common bile duct empties in duodenum

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pancreas

produces mixture of digestive enzymes that delivered to duodenum thru pancreatic duct

bicarbonate is basic and neutralizes stomach acid

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where is saliva produced

3 glands
- parotid
- submanibular
- sublingual

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bucc/o

cheek

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dent/i-o

teeth

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odont/o

tooth

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gingiv/o

gum

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gloss/o

tongue

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lingu/o

tongue

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gnath/o

jaw

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labi/o

lip

or/o

mouth

stoma, stomat/o

mouth

palat/o

palate

sial/o

saliva, salivary gland, salivary duct

uvul/o

uvula

esophag/o

esophagus

gastr/o

stomach

pylor/o

pylorus

enter/o

interstine

duoden/o

duodenum

jejun/o

jejunum

ile/o

ileum

cec/o

cecum

col/o, colon/o

colon

sigmoid/o

sigmoid colon

rect/o

rectum

proct/o

rectum

an/o

anus

hepat/o

liver

bili

bile

chol/e, chol/o

bile, gall

cholecyst/o

gallbladder

cholangi/o

bile duct

choledoch/o

common bile duct

pancreat/o

pancreas

caries

tooth decay

periodontitis

infection of deeper tissues and bony support around tooth

appendicitis

infection of appendix after obstruction (can lead to peritonitis)

peritonitis

infection of peritoneal cavity

ulcer

lesion of skin or mucous membrane (inflammation/tissue damage)

peptic ulcer

ulcer caused by gastric juices (caused by H. pylori, stress, etc)

barium study

radiographic contrast to reveal GI issues (including ulcers)

leukoplakia

white patches on mucous membranes is early sign of canccer

most common GI cancer

colon, rectum

polyps

growths that can be removed by endoscopy

occult blood

blood in small amounts in stool (can indicate colon cancers)

Duke's classification

ranges from A to C to classify colorectal cancers

types of scopes

proctoscope - rectum sigmoidoscope colonoscope

anastomosis

sometimes needed (connect two organs, eg gastroduodenostomy)

hiatal hernia

stomach moves into chest cavity through hiatal space in diaphragm

pyloric stenosis

opening between stomach and small intestine is too narrow (opening between stomach and small intestine is too narrow) projectile vomiting

intussesception

slipping of intestinal segment into a part below it

volvulus

twisting of intestine

ileus

intestinal obstruction caused by lack of peristalsis

GERD

reflux of gastric juices into esophagus due to weakness at gastroesophageal junction irritate esophagus (heartburn)

barrett syndrome

esophagus is replaced with epithelium similar to stomach/intestines b/c of GERD spasms, scar tissue, cancer

IBD

crohn disease, ulcerative colitis young adults/adolescents, hereditary (immunologic response, flora)

crohn disease

chronic inflammation of intestinal wall (ileum and colon, diarrhea, abscess, fistula)

ulcerative colitis

inflammation of colon lining (begins in rectum and extends)

diverticulitis

commonly affects colon small pouches in intestinal wall that appear with age, diet low in fiber collection of waste and bacteria lead to inflammation, pain, bleeding

hepatitis

inflammation/death of liver cells 5 forms, viral in industrialized countries A- fecal/oral, unsanitary conditions B- blood/bodily fluids C- blood D- delta virus, only affects people with B E- contaminated food/water

jaundice

symptom of hepatitis, presence of bile pigments in blood

icterus

another name for jaundice

cirrhosis

ALCOHOL chronic liver disease - hepatomegaly, edema, ascites, jaundice complication is portal hypertension

portal hypertension

can cause varicose veins and hemorrhage, along with splenomegaly

cholelithiasis

gallstones

cholecyctitis

inflammation of gallbladder - biliary colic or pain in RUQ (estrogen, pregnancy, obesity)

cholecystectomy

removal of gallbladder

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

technique for visualizing/correcting biliary/pancreatic duct obstructions w/ contrast

pancreatitis

inflammation of pancreas

ascites

accumulation of fluid in abdominal cabity

divurticulosis

presence of diverticula

gastroenteritis

inflammation of stomach/intestine

stoma

surgical opening to body surface between two organs