Chapter 7 Nervous System and Mental Health Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
Two parts of the nervous system
A
central and peripheral
2
Q
CNS
A
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
3
Q
PNS
A
peripheral nervous system
all nervous tissue outside brain and spinal cord
4
Q
Two divisions of the nervous system
A
somatic and sutonomic
5
Q
somatic nervous system
A
controls skeletal muscles
6
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
also called visceral nervous system
controls smooth and cardiac muscles and GLANDS
responds to stress, maintains homeostasis
7
Q
neurons
A
nerve cells that conduct
8
Q
neuroglia
A
support and protect nervous tissue
9
Q
dendrite
A
carries impulses TO cell bodyax
10
Q
axon
A
carries impulses AWAY from cell body
11
Q
myelin
A
white fatty material that protects axons and speeds signals
12
Q
white matter
A
myelinated axons
13
Q
gray matter
A
unmyelinated nervous tissue
14
Q
nodes
A
spaces between myelin sheaths
15
Q
afferent neuron
A
also called sensory
transmits impulses TOWARD CNS
16
Q
efferent neuron
A
also called motor neuron
impulses transmitted AWAY from CNS
17
Q
Interneuron
A
connecting cell in CNS
18
Q
synapse
A
contact point between two neurons
communicate by:
- neurotransmitter
- electric current
19
Q
nerve
A
neuron fiber bundle of PNS
20
Q
ganglion
A
collection of cell bodies along the pathway of the nerve
21
Q
do nerves contain only afferent or efferent nerves?
A
DEPENDS!! some are specifically motor or sensory nerves but most are mixed
22
Q
major parts of brain
A
cerebrum
diencephalon
brainstem
cerebellum
23
Q
largest part of brain
A
cerebrum
24
Q
cerebrum
A
largest part of brain
made of white matter with thin outer layer of gray called cerebral cortex
- memory
- reasoning
- abstract thought
25
cerebral cortex
outer edge of cerebrum
made of gray matter
26
sulci
grooves
27
gyri
raised parts
28
longitudinal fissure
divides brain into two parts
29
diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
receives sensory info and directs to proper area of cortex
30
hypothalamus
contains pituitary gland
links endocrine and nervous systems
31
brainstem
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
32
midbrain
reflex centers for vision and hearing
33
pons
bulge on anterior surface of brainstem
connects brain's different regions
34
medulla oblongata
connects brain to spinal cord; all signals pass through here
HR, Respiration, blood pressure
35
cerebellum
voluntary movements, posture, coordination, balance
36
how many ventricles are there
four
37
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
cushions brain and spinal cord
38
meninges
protective layers around CNS
dura
arachnoid
pia (inner)
39
how many cranial nerves are there
12
40
CN I
olfactory (smell)
41
CN II
optic (eye)
42
CN III
oculomotor (eye muscles/pupil)
43
CN IV
trochlear
44
CN V
trigeminal (eye upper jaw and lower jaw to brain; chewing control)
45
CN VI
abducens (eyeball movement)
46
CN VII
facial (facial expression, taste, tear/saliva)
47
CN VIII
vestibulocochlear (hearing and equilibrium)
48
CN IX
glossopharyngeal (tongue and pharynx, swallowing)
49
CN X
vagus (thoracic and abdominal nerves, motor neurons to larynx and pharynx)
50
CN XI
Accessory (neck and larynx)
51
CN XII
hypoglossal (muscles of tongue
52
how many spinal nerves
31
53
cervical nerves
8
54
thoracic nerves
12
55
lumbar nerves
5
56
sacral nerves
5
57
COCCYGEAL NERVES
1
58
how do spinal nerves connect to the cord
ROOTS (TWO!!)
dorsal = TO CNS/sensory
ventral = FROM CNS/motor
59
reflex
simple response that only travels to spinal cord
60
autonomic nervous system is made of
sympathetic NS
parasympathetic NS
(both control most organs)
61
sympathetic NS
part of autonomic
fight or flight response (HR, RR, Adrenal gland, ^ blood flow)
62
parasympathetic NS
returns body to relaxed state
63
neur/o, /i
nervous system, nervous tissue, nerve
64
gli/o
neuroglia
65
anagli/o, ganglion/o
ganglion
66
mening/o, meninge/o
meninges
67
myel/o
spinal cord/bone marrow
68
radicu/o
spinal nerve root
69
encephal/o
brain
70
cerebr/o
cerebrum
71
cortic/o
cerebral cortex, outer portion
72
cerebell/o
cerebellum
73
thalam/o
thalamus
74
ventricul/o
cavity/ventricle
75
medull/o
medulla oblongata
76
psych/o
mind
77
narc/o
stupor, unconscious
78
somn/o, /i
sleep
79
-phasia
speech
80
-lalia
speech/babble
81
-lexia
reading
82
-plegia
paralysis
83
-paresis
partial paralysis, weakness
84
-lepsy
seizure
85
-phobia
persistent irrational fear
86
-mania
excited state, obsession
87
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
STROKE
incident that deprives brain of oxygen (blockage, rupture, etc)
88
thrombosis
blood clot in vessel (where it is formed)
89
embolism
the travelling of a thrombosis or blockage
90
cerebral angiography
diagnose obstructions by emboli
91
carotid endarterectomy
open carotid artery leading to brain
92
thrombolytic drog
drugs to dissolve clot
93
aneurysm
localized dilation of vessel that may rupture and hemorrhage (atherosclerosis may weaken vessel, congenital, hypertension)
94
aphasia
loss/impairment of speach
- common after cerebral hemorrhage
95
hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of body
- after cerebral hemorrhage
96
cerebral contusion
bruise of brain surface (blood escape from small local vessels)
97
MTBI
mild traumatic brain injury
CONCUSSION
transient impairment of brain function b/c of nmovement to brain
98
contrecoup injury
brain trauma from concussion happens on opposite side of blow
99
postconcussion syndrome
symptoms persist or develop a month or more after injury
100
epidural hematoma
bleeding within meninges
- pressure on blood vessels
- stops blood flow to brain
(headache, vomit, confusion, aphasia, syncopy, dilated pupils, seizures, coma)
blow to side of head
101
subdural hematoma
blow to back or front of head
wall tear of dural sinuses
- pressure on brain
102
meningitis
inflammation of meninges
can be diagnosed with lumbar puncture
103
confusion
reduced mental function (injury/drugs/surgery/orgaan failure)
104
coma
state of unconsciousness with no arousal
105
encephalitis
inflammation of brain
106
shingles
reactivated chicken pox; blistering along peripheral nerves
107
hydrocephalus
enlargement of vesicles by accumulation of CSF
108
gliomas
tumors of neuroglia
109
astrocytoma
tumor of astrocytes
110
neurilemmoma
schwannoma, myelin tumor
111
neural neoplasms
do not metastasize, but can compress nervous tissue (SEIZURES, HYDROCEPHALUS)
112
meningioma
tumor of meninges, often easy to remove
113
multiple sclerosis
demyelination of CNS axons -> neuronal death (vision, tingling/numbness/urinary incontinence/tremor/stiff gait)
114
parkinsonism
neurons in midbrain fail to produce dopamine (tremors, rigidity, akinesia, emotional issues)
115
Alzheimer's disease
atrophy of cortex and degeneration of neurons
116
types of seizures
absence (petit mal) tonic clonic (grand mal)
117
dyssomnia
dysregulated sleep
118
insomnia
inability to sleep
119
narcolepsy
uncontrollable attacks of sleep during the day
120
acetylcholine
excitatory neurotransmitter
121
posterior nerves
SENSORY
122
anterior nerves
MOTOR
123
Ischemic stroke
lack of oxygen to brain
124
risk for ischemic stroke
hypertension
atherosclerosis
heart diseases
diabetes
cigarettes
hereditary
125
thrombosis
where clot is formed (blood clot in vessel)
126
embolus
material that causes obstruction
127
thrombus
blood clot
128
embolism
obstruction of vessel by blockage
129
contrecoup injury
injury to opposite area of brain that was hit
130
subarachnoid hematoma
bleeding under arachnoid membrane
