Chapter 14: Urinary System

Question 1

erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 1

hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow

Question 2

ureter

Answer 2

transports urine from kidneys to bladder

Question 3

Renin

Answer 3

enzyme to raise blood pressure

activates angiotensin to constrict blood vessels

ACE inhibitors counteract

Question 4

where are the kidneys

Answer 4

POSTERIOR to the peritoneum

Question 5

renal cortex

Answer 5

outer portion of kidneys

Question 6

renal medulla

Answer 6

inner region of kidneys

Question 7

renal pyramids

Answer 7

triangular portions of renal medulla

made of nephrons (that give it a lined-appearance)

Question 8

calyx

Answer 8

where each tubule in nephron units empty

small calices empty into larger calices which then unite to form renal pelvis

Question 9

renal pelvis

Answer 9

top portion of the ureter, which calices empty urine into

Question 10

nephrons

Answer 10

working units of kidneys

single tubule coiled and folded into various shapes

glomerular (Bowman) capsule, part of nephron filtering device, which folds into proximal tubule and straightens out to form nephron loop, coils into distal tubule, and straightens out to collecting duct

Question 11

glomerulus

Answer 11

cluster of capillaries that blood travels to in kidneys

contained in glomerular capsule (WHERE URINE PRODUCTS GO!)

Question 12

process of urine formaiton

Answer 12

blood thru vein, to glomerulus, blood thru glomerular wall, through wall of glomerular capsule into nephron

Question 13

glomerular filtrate

Answer 13

substance that filters into the glomerulus (water, electrolytes, soluble wastes, nutrients, toxins) main waste material is urea, nitrogenous byproduct of protein metabolism

Question 14

tubular reabsorption

Answer 14

return of water, electrolytes, and nutrients to blood

occurs through peritubular capillaries (around ascending/descending limbs of nephron)

Question 15

what does urine content control in the body

Answer 15

blood content, pH, drug levels, etc

Question 16

ADH

Answer 16

reabsorption of water to concentrate the filtrate

Question 17

diuretic

Answer 17

substance that promotes increased urinary output (Lasix; blood pressure, heart failure, reduce heart workload)

Question 18

antidiuretic

Answer 18

retention of water

Question 19

where is the bladder located/how does it expand

Answer 19

posterior to pubic bone and below peritoneum, expands up

Question 20

trigone

Answer 20

triangular structure of the urinary bladder

marked by ureter openings and internal sphincter

stability prevents backflow of urine into ureters

Question 21

fullness of bladder

Answer 21

stimulates reflex of bladder contraction

Question 22

micturition

Answer 22

release of urine, regulated by two sphincters (top is unconscious, bottom is conscious)

Question 23

angiotension

Answer 23

substance that increases BP by renin (kidney enzyme)

Question 24

diuresis

Answer 24

excess expulsion of urine

Question 25

ren/o

Answer 25

kidney

Question 26

nephr/o

Answer 26

kidney

Question 27

glomerul/o

Answer 27

glomerulus

Question 28

pyel/o

Answer 28

renal pelvis

Question 29

cali/o, calic/o

Answer 29

calyx

Question 30

ur/o

Answer 30

urine, urinary tract

Question 31

urin/o

Answer 31

urine

Question 32

ureter/o

Answer 32

ureter

Question 33

cyst/o

Answer 33

urinary bladder

Question 34

vesic/o

Answer 34

urinary bladder

Question 35

urethr/o

Answer 35

urethra

Question 36

cystitis

Answer 36

bladder infection/inflammation

Question 37

pyelonephritis

Answer 37

infection that involves kidney and renal pelvis (can include pyuria)

Question 38

urethritis

Answer 38

inflammation of urethra (STIs, chlamydia/gonorrhea)

Question 39

glomerulonephritis

Answer 39

immunologic reaction (usually to another system) streptococcus, lupus, erythematosus oliguria, hypertension, edema damage to kidney tissue-- blood and tissue escape into nephrons, causes hematuria, proteinuria blood can form casts of tubules that is voided can be bad to elderly (chronic renal failure, end stage renal disease, uremia)

Question 40

uremia

Answer 40

urea and other nitrogenous compounds accumulate in blood and impact CNS

Question 41

nephrotic syndrome

Answer 41

glomeruli are overly permeable and allow loss of proteins (DAMAGE) (caused by: glomerulonephritis, renal vein thrombosis, diabetes, lupus, toxins)

Question 42

chronic renal failure

Answer 42

loss of nephrons - lose ability to function - renal insufficiency is a gradual loss with less symptoms

Question 43

acute renal failure

Answer 43

drastic, sudden change in body damages nephrons and there is a rapid loss of nephrons

Question 44

acute tubular necrosis

Answer 44

necrosis of kidney tubules

Question 45

signs of renal failure

Answer 45

dehydration edema electrolyte imbalance hypertension anemia uremia

Question 46

hemodialysis

Answer 46

blood cleansed by passage over a membrane surrounded by fluid that draws out unwanted substances 4 hrs three times a wk at a center, or daily at home

Question 47

peritoneal dialysis

Answer 47

fluid introduced into peritoneal cavity, and is withdrawn and replaced every so often after accumulation of waste can be continuous or during night

Question 48

urinary lithiasis

Answer 48

stones in urinary system made of calcium salts or other stuff

Question 49

renal colic

Answer 49

high amounts of pain (usually via urinary lithiasis)

Question 50

hydronephrosis

Answer 50

collection of urine in renal pelvis by blockage by renal lithiasis

Question 51

treatment of urinary lithiasis

Answer 51

pass on own if not on their own, they can be removed surgically in a lithotomy/endoscopy shock waves crush stones in urinary tract (extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy)

Question 52

extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy

Answer 52

breaking up of stones outside body by shock waves

Question 53

bladder carcinoma

Answer 53

chemicals, parasites, cigarettes sudden painless hematuria can be often seen with a cystoscope (or biopsied)

Question 54

cystectomy

Answer 54

removal of bladder ureters redirected to artificial bladder or to body surface via ileal conduit or to intestine

Question 55

intravenous urography/ intravenous pyelography/ retrograde pyelography

Answer 55

radiographic studies that can help to diagnose cancers in ureters/kidneys

Question 56

urinalysis

Answer 56

diagnosing urinary tract disorders urine examined for color/turbidity/specific gravity (concentration)/pH/content

Question 57

hypokalemia

Answer 57

calcium deficiency in blood

Question 58

hyponatremia

Answer 58

deficiency of sodium in blood

Question 59

hypoproteinemia

Answer 59

not enough protein in blood

Question 60

hyperkalemia

Answer 60

too much blood calcium

Question 61

hypernatremia

Answer 61

too much blood sodium

Question 62

specific gravity

Answer 62

weight of substance compared to water volume

Question 63

turbidity

Answer 63

content of bacteria

Question 64

ileal conduit

Answer 64

urine diverted to ileum (ileal bladder)

Question 65

renal transplantation

Answer 65

kidney transplant

Question 66

Renal capsule

Answer 66

Where kidneys stored/anchored

Question 67

Distal convoluted tubule

Answer 67

Where ADH acts to reabsorb water