Chapter 13 Review

Question 1

Those things that are required in advance; that which is necessary to a particular end.

Answer 1

prerequisites

Question 2

universal, invariant, abstract rules of correct reasoning

Answer 2

laws of logic

Question 3

The art or skill of speaking or writing effectively and persuasively (regardless of considerations of logic or truth).

Answer 3

rhetoric

Question 4

To provide reasons for proposition.

Answer 4

justify

Question 5

An argument in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true.

Answer 5

valid

Question 6

Disobedience to God

Answer 6

sin

Question 7

The quality of being unclear in meaning; the capacity to be understood in two or more ways

Answer 7

ambiguilty

Question 8

To be ___ is to reason incorrectly. But god, by His nature always reasons correctly.

Answer 8

illogical

Question 9

An argument in which the conclusion is likely to be true if the premises are.

Answer 9

inductive argument

Question 10

“A thing is itself” or “if A then A.”

Answer 10

Law of Identity

Question 11

An argument in which the conclusion is certainly true if the premises are.

Answer 11

deductive argument

Question 12

Pertaining to the belief that there are multiple gods.

Answer 12

polytheistic

Question 13

Inclined or prejudiced to a particular position

Answer 13

biased

Question 14

The proposition in an argument that the person is attempting to prove

Answer 14

conclusion

Question 15

A proposition in an argument that is taken as an accepted fact.

Answer 15

premise

Question 16

The compound proposition “A or not-A” is always true. Or, “Either A is true or not-A is true.” A proposition always has the opposite truth value of its negation.

Answer 16

Law of the Excluded Middle

Question 17

The object or idea to which a word points or symbolizes.

Answer 17

referent

Question 18

___ is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. It is the way God thinks

Answer 18

Logic

Question 19

The compound proposition “A and not-A” is always false. Or, “You cannot have A and not-A at the same time and in the same sense.”

Answer 19

Law of Non-contradiction

Question 20

To copy or imitate; to match the characteristics of another.

Answer 20

emulate

Question 21

The disclosure of information from God to man

Answer 21

revelation (divine)

Question 22

The opposite proposition is formed by adding “it is not the case that” to the original proposition. It always has the opposite truth value of a given proposition.

Answer 22

negation

Question 23

To go beyond

Answer 23

transcend

Question 24

Comforming to the mind of God

Answer 24

true

Question 25

The disclosure of information from God to man contained in the Bible.

Answer 25

special revelation

Question 26

A fallacious definition, not found in any dictionary, that is intended to persuade someone.

Answer 26

persuasive definition

Question 27

A common error in reasoning.

Answer 27

fallacy

Question 28

Able to exist or exert power at all locations in space at the same time.

Answer 28

omni-present

Question 29

Dependent on the thoughts or feelings of the individual.

Answer 29

subjective

Question 30

having supreme power or authority and not required to answer to any higher authority

Answer 30

sovereign

Question 31

Opinions formed from evidence; what people reason to be true or likely true from evidence or reason.

Answer 31

inferences

Question 32

A truth claim, may be true or false

Answer 32

proposition

Question 33

A categorical argument containing two premises and one conclusion that uses words like “all, some, no, not.”

Answer 33

syllogism

Question 34

At variance or not compatible; two things that do not go well together

Answer 34

inconsistent

Question 35

The negation of a proposition, or the combination of the proposition and its negation. “A and not-A” is a contradiction.

Answer 35

contradiction

Question 36

To project or expand beyond known data or experiences based on patterns exhibited in known data or experiences; to infer unknown values or properties based on known values or properties.

Answer 36

extrapolate

Question 37

not changing over time

Answer 37

invariant

Question 38

to not have a specific reason for a belief or action; not having a reason

Answer 38

arbitrary

Question 39

In accordance with the laws of Logic: logical

Answer 39

rational

Question 40

God always thinks correctly, and the Bible commands us to think like Him (Isaiah 55:7-8) and emulate His \_\_\_. (Ephesians 5:1)

Answer 40

character

Question 41

Unbelievers too are made in the image of God, and hence have the capacity for ___ reasoning, God has given them knowledge as well.

Answer 41

rational

Question 42

The definition of a word that is consistent with its lexical definition, but which adds further restrictions for the purpose of clarification or scientific precision.

Answer 42

precising definition

Question 43

An informal argument is cogent if the conclusion is likely to be true.

Answer 43

cogent

Question 44

true, justified belief

Answer 44

knowledge

Question 45

The tendency to induce belief or behavior in a person. An argument is one in which most people will accept the conclusion as true

Answer 45

persuasive

Question 46

The study of the principles of correct reasoning which does not focus on the structure of an argument.

Answer 46

informal logic

Question 47

A positive mental attitude toward a proposition; something a person accepts as true

Answer 47

belief

Question 48

independent of the person; something that is the same for all people

Answer 48

objective

Question 49

A series of propositions where the truth of one is said to follow from the others

Answer 49

argument

Question 50

Existing in thought as an idea but having no physical or material existence.

Answer 50

abstract

Question 51

Practical; based on what works regardless of theoretical considerations, principles, moral implications, or truth.

Answer 51

pragmatic

Question 52

That which is suggested by evidence or reasoning. That which follows logically from something else

Answer 52

implications

Question 53

In accordance with our feelings or expectations

Answer 53

intuitive

Question 54

That which shows itself to be wrong. A self-refuting argument is one in which the conclusion is inconsistent with one or more of the premises.

Answer 54

self-refuting

Question 55

Abstract; existing within the mind such as a thought or idea

Answer 55

conceptual

Question 56

Conjecture, guess, or hypothesis, without sufficient supporting evidence.

Answer 56

speculation

Question 57

A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.

Answer 57

fallacy

Question 58

Pertaining to the quality, kind, or nature of a thing, regardless of the amount or degree.

Answer 58

qualitatively

Question 59

A stipulative or lexical definition that is associated with a particular scientific theory.

Answer 59

theoretical definition

Question 60

Pertaining to the belief or conviction that there is one and only one God.

Answer 60

monotheistic

Question 61

A good argument has true \_\_\_, and the conclusion follows from them.

Answer 61

premises

Question 62

An argument that is valid and also has true premises; always has a tru conclusion

Answer 62

sound

Question 63

Having confidence in something not perceived with the senses.

Answer 63

faith

Question 64

Applicable everywhere.

Answer 64

universal

Question 65

Independent of arbitrary standards; being without exception or qualification

Answer 65

absolute

Question 66

Contrary to the mind of God

Answer 66

false

Question 67

the definition of a word found in a dictionary

Answer 67

lexical definition

Question 68

The study of the principles of correct reasoning that focuses on the structure (or form) of the argument.

Answer 68

formal logic

Question 69

Something that appears clear to the eye or mind, though it may not be.

Answer 69

apparant

Question 70

\_\_\_ is having confidence (or proof, or good reasons) for what you have not experienced with your senses. It is a confident expectation in that which is unseen (Hebrews 11:1).

Answer 70

Faith

Question 71

A philosophy advocating the repression of emotion and indifference to pleasure or pain.

Answer 71

stoicism

Question 72

A written or spoken symbol that represents something else.

Answer 72

linguistic token

Question 73

Pertaining to the amount, degree, or number of something.

Answer 73

quantitatively

Question 74

A declaration of the meaning of a word or phrase that does not already have an established one.

Answer 74

stipulative definition

Question 75

The Bible reveals that human beings are made in God's image, and therefore reflect some of His attributes, including the ability to \_\_\_.

Answer 75

reason