Chapter 17 Review Flashcards by Marcia Young

Shifting from one meaning of a word to another within an argument

equivocation

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An informal argument is cogent if the conclusion is likely to be true.

cogent

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A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.

fallacy

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true, justified belief

knowledge

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A good argument has true ___, and the conclusion follows from them.

premises

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The proposition in an argument that the person is attempting to prove

conclusion

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The opposite proposition is formed by adding “it is not the case that” to the original proposition. It always has the opposite truth value of a given proposition.

negation

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The disclosure of information from God to man

revelation (divine)

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The art or skill of speaking or writing effectively and persuasively (regardless of considerations of logic or truth).

rhetoric

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Unbelievers too are made in the image of God, and hence have the capacity for ___ reasoning, God has given them knowledge as well.

rational

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A philosophy advocating the repression of emotion and indifference to pleasure or pain.

stoicism

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In accordance with our feelings or expectations

intuitive

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In accordance with the laws of Logic: logical

rational

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That which shows itself to be wrong. A self-refuting argument is one in which the conclusion is inconsistent with one or more of the premises.

self-refuting

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Existing in thought as an idea but having no physical or material existence.

abstract

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A positive mental attitude toward a proposition; something a person accepts as true

belief

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The Bible reveals that human beings are made in God’s image, and therefore reflect some of His attributes, including the ability to ___.

reason

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Conjecture, guess, or hypothesis, without sufficient supporting evidence.

speculation

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To copy or imitate; to match the characteristics of another.

emulate

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The compound proposition “A and not-A” is always false. Or, “You cannot have A and not-A at the same time and in the same sense.”

Law of Non-contradiction

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A proposition in an argument that is taken as an accepted fact.

premise

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Applicable everywhere.

universal

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Pertaining to the quality, kind, or nature of a thing, regardless of the amount or degree.

qualitatively

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The disclosure of information from God to man contained in the Bible.

special revelation

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To project or expand beyond known data or experiences based on patterns exhibited in known data or experiences; to infer unknown values or properties based on known values or properties.

extrapolate

Opinions formed from evidence; what people reason to be true or likely true from evidence or reason.

inferences

Having confidence in something not perceived with the senses.

faith

universal, invariant, abstract rules of correct reasoning

laws of logic

The definition of a word that is consistent with its lexical definition, but which adds further restrictions for the purpose of clarification or scientific precision.

precising definition

Able to exist or exert power at all locations in space at the same time.

omni-present

Independent of arbitrary standards; being without exception or qualification

absolute

Those things that are required in advance; that which is necessary to a particular end.

prerequisites

Disobedience to God

sin

Dependent on the thoughts or feelings of the individual.

subjective

To provide reasons for proposition.

justify

A written or spoken symbol that represents something else.

linguistic token

having supreme power or authority and not required to answer to any higher authority

sovereign

“A thing is itself” or “if A then A.”

Law of Identity

Contrary to the mind of God

false

Pertaining to the belief or conviction that there is one and only one God.

monotheistic

Attributing a concrete characteristic to something abstract.

reification

A declaration of the meaning of a word or phrase that does not already have an established one.

stipulative definition

Inclined or prejudiced to a particular position

biased

A series of propositions where the truth of one is said to follow from the others

argument

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has assumed something that is unproved or doubtful.

fallacy of presumption

not changing over time

invariant

\_\_\_ is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. It is the way God thinks

Logic

To go beyond

transcend

The study of the principles of correct reasoning which does not focus on the structure of an argument.

informal logic

An argument in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true.

valid

An argument in which the conclusion is certainly true if the premises are.

deductive argument

The study of the principles of correct reasoning that focuses on the structure (or form) of the argument.

formal logic

The compound proposition “A or not-A” is always true. Or, “Either A is true or not-A is true.” A proposition always has the opposite truth value of its negation.

Law of the Excluded Middle

The negation of a proposition, or the combination of the proposition and its negation. “A and not-A” is a contradiction.

contradiction

the definition of a word found in a dictionary

lexical definition

\_\_\_ is having confidence (or proof, or good reasons) for what you have not experienced with your senses. It is a confident expectation in that which is unseen (Hebrews 11:1).

Faith

Abstract; existing within the mind such as a thought or idea

conceptual

A truth claim, may be true or false

proposition

The object or idea to which a word points or symbolizes.

referent

Something that appears clear to the eye or mind, though it may not be.

apparant

Comforming to the mind of God

true

At variance or not compatible; two things that do not go well together

inconsistent

An argument that is valid and also has true premises; always has a tru conclusion

sound

To be ___ is to reason incorrectly. But god, by His nature always reasons correctly.

illogical

The quality of being unclear in meaning; the capacity to be understood in two or more ways

ambiguilty

A fallacious definition, not found in any dictionary, that is intended to persuade someone.

persuasive definition

God always thinks correctly, and the Bible commands us to think like Him (Isaiah 55:7-8) and emulate His \_\_\_. (Ephesians 5:1)

character

The tendency to induce belief or behavior in a person. An argument is one in which most people will accept the conclusion as true

persuasive

A common error in reasoning.

fallacy

to not have a specific reason for a belief or action; not having a reason

arbitrary

A category of logical fallacy in which the conclusion of argument is not strongly relevant to the premises.

fallacy of relevance

Pertaining to the amount, degree, or number of something.

quantitatively

A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.

fallacy

That which is suggested by evidence or reasoning. That which follows logically from something else

implications

Practical; based on what works regardless of theoretical considerations, principles, moral implications, or truth.

pragmatic

Pertaining to the belief that there are multiple gods.

polytheistic

A stipulative or lexical definition that is associated with a particular scientific theory.

theoretical definition

independent of the person; something that is the same for all people

objective

An argument with an unstated premise or an unstated conclusion

enthymeme

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has used words or phrases in a way that is confusing or vague.

fallacy of ambiguity

An argument in which the conclusion is likely to be true if the premises are.

inductive argument

A categorical argument containing two premises and one conclusion that uses words like “all, some, no, not.”

syllogism