Chapter 31 Review Flashcards
1
Q
An informal argument is cogent if the conclusion is likely to be true.
A
cogent
2
Q
The quality of being unclear in meaning; the capacity to be understood in two or more ways
A
ambiguilty
3
Q
The proposition in an argument that the person is attempting to prove
A
conclusion
4
Q
An argument with an unstated premise or an unstated conclusion
A
enthymeme
5
Q
A declaration of the meaning of a word or phrase that does not already have an established one.
A
stipulative definition
6
Q
Pertaining to the amount, degree, or number of something.
A
quantitatively
7
Q
A philosophy advocating the repression of emotion and indifference to pleasure or pain.
A
stoicism
8
Q
Something that appears clear to the eye or mind, though it may not be.
A
apparant
9
Q
having supreme power or authority and not required to answer to any higher authority
A
sovereign
10
Q
The negation of a proposition, or the combination of the proposition and its negation. “A and not-A” is a contradiction.
A
contradiction
11
Q
arguing that a given action will set off a chain reaction leading to a particular result, when in reality other factors are likely to prevent that result.
A
slippery slope fallacy
12
Q
Applicable everywhere.
A
universal
13
Q
Contrary to the mind of God
A
false
14
Q
Independent of arbitrary standards; being without exception or qualification
A
absolute
15
Q
“After this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event. A caused event B solely on the basis that B came after A.
A
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Fallacy
16
Q
To provide reasons for proposition.
A
justify
17
Q
Inclined or prejudiced to a particular position
A
biased
18
Q
In accordance with our feelings or expectations
A
intuitive
19
Q
Able to exist or exert power at all locations in space at the same time.
A
omni-present
20
Q
A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.
A
fallacy
21
Q
Abstract; existing within the mind such as a thought or idea
A
conceptual
22
Q
“A thing is itself” or “if A then A.”
A
Law of Identity
23
Q
true, justified belief
A
knowledge
24
Q
That which is suggested by evidence or reasoning. That which follows logically from something else
A
implications
25
Falsely assuming that what is true of the whole/group must also be true of the parts/individuals
fallacy of division
26
To project or expand beyond known data or experiences based on patterns exhibited in known data or experiences; to infer unknown values or properties based on known values or properties.
extrapolate
27
An argument that has some degree of unavoidable circularity due to the essential nature of the claim, and yet is self-consistent and non-arbitrary.
virtuous circle
28
Opinions formed from evidence; what people reason to be true or likely true from evidence or reason.
inferences
29
An informal argument is weak if the conclusion is not likely to be true.
weak
30
independent of the person; something that is the same for all people
objective
31
The compound proposition “A and not-A” is always false. Or, “You cannot have A and not-A at the same time and in the same sense.”
Law of Non-contradiction
32
The object or idea to which a word points or symbolizes.
referent
33
In accordance with the laws of Logic: logical
rational
34
Comforming to the mind of God
true
35
The definition of a word that is consistent with its lexical definition, but which adds further restrictions for the purpose of clarification or scientific precision.
precising definition
36
Unbelievers too are made in the image of God, and hence have the capacity for ___ reasoning, God has given them knowledge as well.
rational
37
That which shows itself to be wrong. A self-refuting argument is one in which the conclusion is inconsistent with one or more of the premises.
self-refuting
38
A common error in reasoning.
fallacy
39
To copy or imitate; to match the characteristics of another.
emulate
40
Using biased (often emotional) language to persuade people rather than using logic.
question - begging epithet
41
The study of the principles of correct reasoning which does not focus on the structure of an argument.
informal logic
42
The error (arbitrarily) using a double standard, especially when the arguer exempts himself from a standard he applies to others.
special pleading
43
A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.
fallacy
44
universal, invariant, abstract rules of correct reasoning
laws of logic
45
Those things that are required in advance; that which is necessary to a particular end.
prerequisites
46
The compound proposition “A or not-A” is always true. Or, “Either A is true or not-A is true.” A proposition always has the opposite truth value of its negation.
Law of the Excluded Middle
47
A proposition in an argument that is taken as an accepted fact.
premise
48
\_\_\_ is having confidence (or proof, or good reasons) for what you have not experienced with your senses. It is a confident expectation in that which is unseen (Hebrews 11:1).
Faith
49
A fallacious definition, not found in any dictionary, that is intended to persuade someone.
persuasive definition
50
A good argument has true \_\_\_, and the conclusion follows from them.
premises
51
Arbitrarily assuming what one is attempting to prove as part of the proof.
Begging the question
52
An argument in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true.
valid
53
\_\_\_ is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. It is the way God thinks
Logic
54
A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has used words or phrases in a way that is confusing or vague.
fallacy of ambiguity
55
Conjecture, guess, or hypothesis, without sufficient supporting evidence.
speculation
56
Attempting to persuade by asking a loaded question.
complex question
57
Pertaining to the quality, kind, or nature of a thing, regardless of the amount or degree.
qualitatively
58
Disobedience to God
sin
59
The error of defining a term in a biased way that would not be found in a dictionary in order to protect a claim from evidence to the contrary.
the no true scotsman fallacy
60
An argument that is valid and also has true premises; always has a tru conclusion
sound
61
A written or spoken symbol that represents something else.
linguistic token
62
not changing over time
invariant
63
The Bible reveals that human beings are made in God's image, and therefore reflect some of His attributes, including the ability to \_\_\_.
reason
64
The disclosure of information from God to man
revelation (divine)
65
the definition of a word found in a dictionary
lexical definition
66
The art or skill of speaking or writing effectively and persuasively (regardless of considerations of logic or truth).
rhetoric
67
Directing an argument against the person making the claim rather than the claim itself.
ad hominem
68
The disclosure of information from God to man contained in the Bible.
special revelation
69
A way of reasoning that arbitrarily assumes what the person is attempting to prove. They commit the fallacy of begging the question.
vicious circle
70
Changing the meaning of proposition by placing undue emphasis on a word or phrase
fallacy of accent
71
Claiming there are only two mutually exclusive possibilities, when there is a third option (or more).
fallacy of bifurcation
72
Dependent on the thoughts or feelings of the individual.
subjective
73
The error of attributing a cause-and-effect relationship between two events that do not actually have such a relationship
false cause fallacy
74
A positive mental attitude toward a proposition; something a person accepts as true
belief
75
Having confidence in something not perceived with the senses.
faith
76
Existing in thought as an idea but having no physical or material existence.
abstract
77
A categorical argument containing two premises and one conclusion that uses words like “all, some, no, not.”
syllogism
78
The use of “all” that means “all together” or taken as a whole - in contrast to distributive
collective
79
To be ___ is to reason incorrectly. But god, by His nature always reasons correctly.
illogical
80
The opposite proposition is formed by adding “it is not the case that” to the original proposition. It always has the opposite truth value of a given proposition.
negation
81
God always thinks correctly, and the Bible commands us to think like Him (Isaiah 55:7-8) and emulate His \_\_\_. (Ephesians 5:1)
character
82
“With this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event A caused event B solely on the bases that the two events occur together.
Cum Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
83
A stipulative or lexical definition that is associated with a particular scientific theory.
theoretical definition
84
Pertaining to the belief that there are multiple gods.
polytheistic
85
Something that is based on speculation or conjecture for the sake of discussion or argument.
hypothetical
86
To go beyond
transcend
87
A truth claim, may be true or false
proposition
88
The study of the principles of correct reasoning that focuses on the structure (or form) of the argument.
formal logic
89
Attributing a concrete characteristic to something abstract.
reification
90
Falsely assuming that what is true of the parts/individuals must also be true of the whole/group
fallacy of composition
91
Arguing that.a person's argument is wrong because of the person's circumstances, biases, or motivations.
circumstantial ad hominem
92
The error of drawing erroneous inferences from an analogy that is not similar in relevant ways to the topic under discussion.
false analogy
93
Applying a generalization to an exception.
sweeping generalization
94
Drawing a generalization from too few specific examples.
hasty generalization
95
At variance or not compatible; two things that do not go well together
inconsistent
96
Shifting from one meaning of a word to another within an argument
equivocation
97
to not have a specific reason for a belief or action; not having a reason
arbitrary
98
An argument in which the conclusion is likely to be true if the premises are.
inductive argument
99
A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has assumed something that is unproved or doubtful.
fallacy of presumption
100
The use of “all” that means “each and every one” taken separately - in contrast to collective
distributive
101
An argument in which the conclusion is certainly true if the premises are.
deductive argument
102
A category of logical fallacy in which the conclusion of argument is not strongly relevant to the premises.
fallacy of relevance
103
The tendency to induce belief or behavior in a person. An argument is one in which most people will accept the conclusion as true
persuasive
104
Practical; based on what works regardless of theoretical considerations, principles, moral implications, or truth.
pragmatic
105
Pertaining to the belief or conviction that there is one and only one God.
monotheistic
106
A series of propositions where the truth of one is said to follow from the others
argument
107
Arguing that a person's argument is wrong by attacking the character of the person.
abusive ad hominem
