Chapter 14 Review

Question 1

The compound proposition “A or not-A” is always true. Or, “Either A is true or not-A is true.” A proposition always has the opposite truth value of its negation.

Answer 1

Law of the Excluded Middle

Question 2

To provide reasons for proposition.

Answer 2

justify

Question 3

God always thinks correctly, and the Bible commands us to think like Him (Isaiah 55:7-8) and emulate His ___. (Ephesians 5:1)

Answer 3

character

Question 4

The study of the principles of correct reasoning which does not focus on the structure of an argument.

Answer 4

informal logic

Question 5

A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.

Answer 5

fallacy

Question 6

having supreme power or authority and not required to answer to any higher authority

Answer 6

sovereign

Question 7

Inclined or prejudiced to a particular position

Answer 7

biased

Question 8

A proposition in an argument that is taken as an accepted fact.

Answer 8

premise

Question 9

That which shows itself to be wrong. A self-refuting argument is one in which the conclusion is inconsistent with one or more of the premises.

Answer 9

self-refuting

Question 10

Opinions formed from evidence; what people reason to be true or likely true from evidence or reason.

Answer 10

inferences

Question 11

The art or skill of speaking or writing effectively and persuasively (regardless of considerations of logic or truth).

Answer 11

rhetoric

Question 12

Having confidence in something not perceived with the senses.

Answer 12

faith

Question 13

A declaration of the meaning of a word or phrase that does not already have an established one.

Answer 13

stipulative definition

Question 14

A series of propositions where the truth of one is said to follow from the others

Answer 14

argument

Question 15

A positive mental attitude toward a proposition; something a person accepts as true

Answer 15

belief

Question 16

An informal argument is cogent if the conclusion is likely to be true.

Answer 16

cogent

Question 17

The quality of being unclear in meaning; the capacity to be understood in two or more ways

Answer 17

ambiguilty

Question 18

The compound proposition “A and not-A” is always false. Or, “You cannot have A and not-A at the same time and in the same sense.”

Answer 18

Law of Non-contradiction

Question 19

An argument with an unstated premise or an unstated conclusion

Answer 19

enthymeme

Question 20

The negation of a proposition, or the combination of the proposition and its negation. “A and not-A” is a contradiction.

Answer 20

contradiction

Question 21

to not have a specific reason for a belief or action; not having a reason

Answer 21

arbitrary

Question 22

Existing in thought as an idea but having no physical or material existence.

Answer 22

abstract

Question 23

“A thing is itself” or “if A then A.”

Answer 23

Law of Identity

Question 24

A fallacious definition, not found in any dictionary, that is intended to persuade someone.

Answer 24

persuasive definition

Question 25

Conjecture, guess, or hypothesis, without sufficient supporting evidence.

Answer 25

speculation

Question 26

The disclosure of information from God to man

Answer 26

revelation (divine)

Question 27

A categorical argument containing two premises and one conclusion that uses words like “all, some, no, not.”

Answer 27

syllogism

Question 28

A truth claim, may be true or false

Answer 28

proposition

Question 29

Independent of arbitrary standards; being without exception or qualification

Answer 29

absolute

Question 30

An argument in which the conclusion is certainly true if the premises are.

Answer 30

deductive argument

Question 31

To copy or imitate; to match the characteristics of another.

Answer 31

emulate

Question 32

Disobedience to God

Answer 32

sin

Question 33

The opposite proposition is formed by adding “it is not the case that” to the original proposition. It always has the opposite truth value of a given proposition.

Answer 33

negation

Question 34

To go beyond

Answer 34

transcend

Question 35

not changing over time

Answer 35

invariant

Question 36

A common error in reasoning.

Answer 36

fallacy

Question 37

independent of the person; something that is the same for all people

Answer 37

objective

Question 38

Those things that are required in advance; that which is necessary to a particular end.

Answer 38

prerequisites

Question 39

Abstract; existing within the mind such as a thought or idea

Answer 39

conceptual

Question 40

The object or idea to which a word points or symbolizes.

Answer 40

referent

Question 41

An argument that is valid and also has true premises; always has a tru conclusion

Answer 41

sound

Question 42

The Bible reveals that human beings are made in God's image, and therefore reflect some of His attributes, including the ability to \_\_\_.

Answer 42

reason

Question 43

\_\_\_ is having confidence (or proof, or good reasons) for what you have not experienced with your senses. It is a confident expectation in that which is unseen (Hebrews 11:1).

Answer 43

Faith

Question 44

Practical; based on what works regardless of theoretical considerations, principles, moral implications, or truth.

Answer 44

pragmatic

Question 45

A philosophy advocating the repression of emotion and indifference to pleasure or pain.

Answer 45

stoicism

Question 46

Able to exist or exert power at all locations in space at the same time.

Answer 46

omni-present

Question 47

Applicable everywhere.

Answer 47

universal

Question 48

To be ___ is to reason incorrectly. But god, by His nature always reasons correctly.

Answer 48

illogical

Question 49

Dependent on the thoughts or feelings of the individual.

Answer 49

subjective

Question 50

Pertaining to the amount, degree, or number of something.

Answer 50

quantitatively

Question 51

Unbelievers too are made in the image of God, and hence have the capacity for ___ reasoning, God has given them knowledge as well.

Answer 51

rational

Question 52

An argument in which the conclusion is likely to be true if the premises are.

Answer 52

inductive argument

Question 53

That which is suggested by evidence or reasoning. That which follows logically from something else

Answer 53

implications

Question 54

true, justified belief

Answer 54

knowledge

Question 55

Comforming to the mind of God

Answer 55

true

Question 56

A written or spoken symbol that represents something else.

Answer 56

linguistic token

Question 57

The proposition in an argument that the person is attempting to prove

Answer 57

conclusion

Question 58

The tendency to induce belief or behavior in a person. An argument is one in which most people will accept the conclusion as true

Answer 58

persuasive

Question 59

To project or expand beyond known data or experiences based on patterns exhibited in known data or experiences; to infer unknown values or properties based on known values or properties.

Answer 59

extrapolate

Question 60

The study of the principles of correct reasoning that focuses on the structure (or form) of the argument.

Answer 60

formal logic

Question 61

\_\_\_ is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. It is the way God thinks

Answer 61

Logic

Question 62

universal, invariant, abstract rules of correct reasoning

Answer 62

laws of logic

Question 63

Contrary to the mind of God

Answer 63

false

Question 64

At variance or not compatible; two things that do not go well together

Answer 64

inconsistent

Question 65

A stipulative or lexical definition that is associated with a particular scientific theory.

Answer 65

theoretical definition

Question 66

A good argument has true \_\_\_, and the conclusion follows from them.

Answer 66

premises

Question 67

In accordance with the laws of Logic: logical

Answer 67

rational

Question 68

In accordance with our feelings or expectations

Answer 68

intuitive

Question 69

The disclosure of information from God to man contained in the Bible.

Answer 69

special revelation

Question 70

the definition of a word found in a dictionary

Answer 70

lexical definition

Question 71

An argument in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true.

Answer 71

valid

Question 72

A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.

Answer 72

fallacy

Question 73

Pertaining to the belief or conviction that there is one and only one God.

Answer 73

monotheistic

Question 74

Pertaining to the belief that there are multiple gods.

Answer 74

polytheistic

Question 75

Pertaining to the quality, kind, or nature of a thing, regardless of the amount or degree.

Answer 75

qualitatively

Question 76

The definition of a word that is consistent with its lexical definition, but which adds further restrictions for the purpose of clarification or scientific precision.

Answer 76

precising definition

Question 77

Something that appears clear to the eye or mind, though it may not be.

Answer 77

apparant