Final Review Flashcards
1
Q
Misrepresenting an opponent’s position and proceeding to refute the misrepresentation rather than what the opponent actually claims.
A
the strawman fallacy
2
Q
Asserting that because something should morally) be a particular way, it is that particular way.
A
moralistic fallacy
3
Q
Persuading people to accept a position by generating sympathy for those who hold the position.
A
appeal to pity
4
Q
Attributing a concrete characteristic to something abstract.
A
reification
5
Q
Directing an argument against the person making the claim rather than the claim itself.
A
ad hominem
6
Q
Pertaining to the belief or conviction that there is one and only one God.
A
monotheistic
7
Q
Comforming to the mind of God
A
true
8
Q
Attempting to refute an argument by pointing out that the person making the argument is not behaving consistently with the conclusion of the argument.
A
the quoque fallacy
9
Q
A written or spoken symbol that represents something else.
A
linguistic token
10
Q
Drawing a generalization from too few specific examples.
A
hasty generalization
11
Q
In accordance with our feelings or expectations
A
intuitive
12
Q
An informal argument is cogent if the conclusion is likely to be true.
A
cogent
13
Q
A guess; an inference formed without proof or with insufficient evidence.
A
conjecture
14
Q
The object or idea to which a word points or symbolizes.
A
referent
15
Q
The study of the principles of correct reasoning which does not focus on the structure of an argument.
A
informal logic
16
Q
Shifting from one meaning of a word to another within an argument
A
equivocation
17
Q
To be ___ is to reason incorrectly. But god, by His nature always reasons correctly.
A
illogical
18
Q
Arguing that a person’s argument is wrong by attacking the character of the person.
A
abusive ad hominem
19
Q
Falsely assuming that what is true of the parts/individuals must also be true of the whole/group
A
fallacy of composition
20
Q
Pertaining to the amount, degree, or number of something.
A
quantitatively
21
Q
The error of criticizing or dismissing an argument due to its source.
A
genetic fallacy
22
Q
Arbitrarily assuming what one is attempting to prove as part of the proof.
A
Begging the question
23
Q
Using biased (often emotional) language to persuade people rather than using logic.
A
question - begging epithet
24
Q
To go beyond
A
transcend
25
A category of logical fallacy in which the conclusion of argument is not strongly relevant to the premises.
fallacy of relevance
26
not changing over time
invariant
27
The error of drawing erroneous inferences from an analogy that is not similar in relevant ways to the topic under discussion.
false analogy
28
A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has assumed something that is unproved or doubtful.
fallacy of presumption
29
Inclined or prejudiced to a particular position
biased
30
The quality of being unclear in meaning; the capacity to be understood in two or more ways
ambiguilty
31
A common error in reasoning.
fallacy
32
The principles of correct reasoning dealing with truth values and using words such as “If-then, and, or, not.”
propositional logic
33
God always thinks correctly, and the Bible commands us to think like Him (Isaiah 55:7-8) and emulate His \_\_\_. (Ephesians 5:1)
character
34
An argument that is valid and also has true premises; always has a tru conclusion
sound
35
The tendency to induce belief or behavior in a person. An argument is one in which most people will accept the conclusion as true
persuasive
36
Falsely assuming that what is true of the whole/group must also be true of the parts/individuals
fallacy of division
37
The disclosure of information from God to man contained in the Bible.
special revelation
38
A series of propositions where the truth of one is said to follow from the others
argument
39
Able to exist or exert power at all locations in space at the same time.
omni-present
40
Applying a generalization to an exception.
sweeping generalization
41
An argument with an unstated premise or an unstated conclusion
enthymeme
42
An argument that has some degree of unavoidable circularity due to the essential nature of the claim, and yet is self-consistent and non-arbitrary.
virtuous circle
43
The use of “all” that means “each and every one” taken separately - in contrast to collective
distributive
44
The use of “all” that means “all together” or taken as a whole - in contrast to distributive
collective
45
Those things that are required in advance; that which is necessary to a particular end.
prerequisites
46
“With this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event A caused event B solely on the bases that the two events occur together.
Cum Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
47
The art or skill of speaking or writing effectively and persuasively (regardless of considerations of logic or truth).
rhetoric
48
A categorical argument containing two premises and one conclusion that uses words like “all, some, no, not.”
syllogism
49
\_\_\_ is having confidence (or proof, or good reasons) for what you have not experienced with your senses. It is a confident expectation in that which is unseen (Hebrews 11:1).
Faith
50
Something that is based on speculation or conjecture for the sake of discussion or argument.
hypothetical
51
Arguing that since something is a particular way, it is morally acceptable for it to be that way.
Naturalistic fallacy
52
arguing that a given action will set off a chain reaction leading to a particular result, when in reality other factors are likely to prevent that result.
slippery slope fallacy
53
Opinions formed from evidence; what people reason to be true or likely true from evidence or reason.
inferences
54
Proving a point, but not the point at issue.
fallacy of irrelevant thesis
55
A good argument has true \_\_\_, and the conclusion follows from them.
premises
56
To provide reasons for proposition.
justify
57
An argument in which the conclusion is likely to be true if the premises are.
inductive argument
58
Disobedience to God
sin
59
Applicable everywhere.
universal
60
Having confidence in something not perceived with the senses.
faith
61
The proposition in an argument that the person is attempting to prove
conclusion
62
The error of attributing a cause-and-effect relationship between two events that do not actually have such a relationship
false cause fallacy
63
Something that appears clear to the eye or mind, though it may not be.
apparant
64
A positive mental attitude toward a proposition; something a person accepts as true
belief
65
universal, invariant, abstract rules of correct reasoning
laws of logic
66
In accordance with the laws of Logic: logical
rational
67
the definition of a word found in a dictionary
lexical definition
68
Dependent on the thoughts or feelings of the individual.
subjective
69
A way of reasoning that arbitrarily assumes what the person is attempting to prove. They commit the fallacy of begging the question.
vicious circle
70
Arguing for a position on the basis that negative consequences will follow if a person does not accept the position.
appeal to force/fear
71
The opposite proposition is formed by adding “it is not the case that” to the original proposition. It always has the opposite truth value of a given proposition.
negation
72
Arguing that something must be true because it is desirable or that something must be false because it is undesirable.
appeal to consequence
73
An argument in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true.
valid
74
true, justified belief
knowledge
75
Conjecture, guess, or hypothesis, without sufficient supporting evidence.
speculation
76
A declaration of the meaning of a word or phrase that does not already have an established one.
stipulative definition
77
Practical; based on what works regardless of theoretical considerations, principles, moral implications, or truth.
pragmatic
78
At variance or not compatible; two things that do not go well together
inconsistent
79
Unbelievers too are made in the image of God, and hence have the capacity for ___ reasoning, God has given them knowledge as well.
rational
80
The principles of correct reasoning dealing with categories and using words such as “all, some, no, not.”
categorical logic
81
A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has used words or phrases in a way that is confusing or vague.
fallacy of ambiguity
82
independent of the person; something that is the same for all people
objective
83
A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.
fallacy
84
Fallacy of appealing to the unknown; specifically when a person argues that a claim is probably true simply because it has never been proven false.
appeal to ignorance
85
Changing the meaning of proposition by placing undue emphasis on a word or phrase
fallacy of accent
86
Contrary to the mind of God
false
87
The compound proposition “A or not-A” is always true. Or, “Either A is true or not-A is true.” A proposition always has the opposite truth value of its negation.
Law of the Excluded Middle
88
Arguing that.a person's argument is wrong because of the person's circumstances, biases, or motivations.
circumstantial ad hominem
89
An informal argument is weak if the conclusion is not likely to be true.
weak
90
The error of defining a term in a biased way that would not be found in a dictionary in order to protect a claim from evidence to the contrary.
the no true scotsman fallacy
91
A truth claim, may be true or false
proposition
92
“After this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event. A caused event B solely on the basis that B came after A.
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Fallacy
93
Fallacy of attempting to persuade people by stirring powerful emotions rather than making a logical case.
appeal to emotion
94
The definition of a word that is consistent with its lexical definition, but which adds further restrictions for the purpose of clarification or scientific precision.
precising definition
95
Claiming there are only two mutually exclusive possibilities, when there is a third option (or more).
fallacy of bifurcation
96
A fallacious definition, not found in any dictionary, that is intended to persuade someone.
persuasive definition
97
The fallacy of dismissing an argument because the conclusion is inconsistent with the behavior of the person making the argument. The *tu quoque* fallacy.
appeal to hypocrisy
98
\_\_\_ is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. It is the way God thinks
Logic
99
having supreme power or authority and not required to answer to any higher authority
sovereign
100
“A thing is itself” or “if A then A.”
Law of Identity
101
A proposition in an argument that is taken as an accepted fact.
premise
102
A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.
fallacy
103
Claiming that a proposition or an argument must be correct because a fallible person believes it. Often the appeal is to an expert but outside of his area of expertise, or to an expert who disagrees with other experts in the same field.
faulty to appeal to authority
104
Attempting to persuade by asking a loaded question.
complex question
105
The compound proposition “A and not-A” is always false. Or, “You cannot have A and not-A at the same time and in the same sense.”
Law of Non-contradiction
106
The negation of a proposition, or the combination of the proposition and its negation. “A and not-A” is a contradiction.
contradiction
107
Existing in thought as an idea but having no physical or material existence.
abstract
108
Abstract; existing within the mind such as a thought or idea
conceptual
109
The error (arbitrarily) using a double standard, especially when the arguer exempts himself from a standard he applies to others.
special pleading
110
That which shows itself to be wrong. A self-refuting argument is one in which the conclusion is inconsistent with one or more of the premises.
self-refuting
111
To project or expand beyond known data or experiences based on patterns exhibited in known data or experiences; to infer unknown values or properties based on known values or properties.
extrapolate
112
The disclosure of information from God to man
revelation (divine)
113
That which is suggested by evidence or reasoning. That which follows logically from something else
implications
114
To copy or imitate; to match the characteristics of another.
emulate
115
The study of the principles of correct reasoning that focuses on the structure (or form) of the argument.
formal logic
116
Arguing that something must be true because a majority believes it. This is a specific type of the faulty appeal to authority.
appeal to the majority
117
Pertaining to the belief that there are multiple gods.
polytheistic
118
Independent of arbitrary standards; being without exception or qualification
absolute
119
An argument in which the conclusion is certainly true if the premises are.
deductive argument
120
A stipulative or lexical definition that is associated with a particular scientific theory.
theoretical definition
121
A philosophy advocating the repression of emotion and indifference to pleasure or pain.
stoicism
122
to not have a specific reason for a belief or action; not having a reason
arbitrary
123
The Bible reveals that human beings are made in God's image, and therefore reflect some of His attributes, including the ability to \_\_\_.
reason
124
Pertaining to the quality, kind, or nature of a thing, regardless of the amount or degree.
qualitatively
