Chapter 26 Review

Question 1

The compound proposition “A or not-A” is always true. Or, “Either A is true or not-A is true.” A proposition always has the opposite truth value of its negation.

Answer 1

Law of the Excluded Middle

Question 2

Something that appears clear to the eye or mind, though it may not be.

Answer 2

apparant

Question 3

An argument in which the conclusion is certainly true if the premises are.

Answer 3

deductive argument

Question 4

A positive mental attitude toward a proposition; something a person accepts as true

Answer 4

belief

Question 5

Comforming to the mind of God

Answer 5

true

Question 6

To go beyond

Answer 6

transcend

Question 7

A proposition in an argument that is taken as an accepted fact.

Answer 7

premise

Question 8

A series of propositions where the truth of one is said to follow from the others

Answer 8

argument

Question 9

To provide reasons for proposition.

Answer 9

justify

Question 10

the definition of a word found in a dictionary

Answer 10

lexical definition

Question 11

The negation of a proposition, or the combination of the proposition and its negation. “A and not-A” is a contradiction.

Answer 11

contradiction

Question 12

Applicable everywhere.

Answer 12

universal

Question 13

An informal argument is cogent if the conclusion is likely to be true.

Answer 13

cogent

Question 14

An argument in which the conclusion is likely to be true if the premises are.

Answer 14

inductive argument

Question 15

A fallacious definition, not found in any dictionary, that is intended to persuade someone.

Answer 15

persuasive definition

Question 16

A philosophy advocating the repression of emotion and indifference to pleasure or pain.

Answer 16

stoicism

Question 17

not changing over time

Answer 17

invariant

Question 18

Practical; based on what works regardless of theoretical considerations, principles, moral implications, or truth.

Answer 18

pragmatic

Question 19

A good argument has true ___, and the conclusion follows from them.

Answer 19

premises

Question 20

Those things that are required in advance; that which is necessary to a particular end.

Answer 20

prerequisites

Question 21

The compound proposition “A and not-A” is always false. Or, “You cannot have A and not-A at the same time and in the same sense.”

Answer 21

Law of Non-contradiction

Question 22

The disclosure of information from God to man

Answer 22

revelation (divine)

Question 23

independent of the person; something that is the same for all people

Answer 23

objective

Question 24

Pertaining to the belief or conviction that there is one and only one God.

Answer 24

monotheistic

Question 25

In accordance with the laws of Logic: logical

Answer 25

rational

Question 26

\_\_\_ is having confidence (or proof, or good reasons) for what you have not experienced with your senses. It is a confident expectation in that which is unseen (Hebrews 11:1).

Answer 26

Faith

Question 27

The art or skill of speaking or writing effectively and persuasively (regardless of considerations of logic or truth).

Answer 27

rhetoric

Question 28

Disobedience to God

Answer 28

sin

Question 29

having supreme power or authority and not required to answer to any higher authority

Answer 29

sovereign

Question 30

To project or expand beyond known data or experiences based on patterns exhibited in known data or experiences; to infer unknown values or properties based on known values or properties.

Answer 30

extrapolate

Question 31

“A thing is itself” or “if A then A.”

Answer 31

Law of Identity

Question 32

A common error in reasoning.

Answer 32

fallacy

Question 33

The Bible reveals that human beings are made in God's image, and therefore reflect some of His attributes, including the ability to \_\_\_.

Answer 33

reason

Question 34

Abstract; existing within the mind such as a thought or idea

Answer 34

conceptual

Question 35

To copy or imitate; to match the characteristics of another.

Answer 35

emulate

Question 36

Pertaining to the belief that there are multiple gods.

Answer 36

polytheistic

Question 37

Contrary to the mind of God

Answer 37

false

Question 38

The tendency to induce belief or behavior in a person. An argument is one in which most people will accept the conclusion as true

Answer 38

persuasive

Question 39

The object or idea to which a word points or symbolizes.

Answer 39

referent

Question 40

The disclosure of information from God to man contained in the Bible.

Answer 40

special revelation

Question 41

The quality of being unclear in meaning; the capacity to be understood in two or more ways

Answer 41

ambiguilty

Question 42

In accordance with our feelings or expectations

Answer 42

intuitive

Question 43

to not have a specific reason for a belief or action; not having a reason

Answer 43

arbitrary

Question 44

Having confidence in something not perceived with the senses.

Answer 44

faith

Question 45

A declaration of the meaning of a word or phrase that does not already have an established one.

Answer 45

stipulative definition

Question 46

true, justified belief

Answer 46

knowledge

Question 47

The definition of a word that is consistent with its lexical definition, but which adds further restrictions for the purpose of clarification or scientific precision.

Answer 47

precising definition

Question 48

Independent of arbitrary standards; being without exception or qualification

Answer 48

absolute

Question 49

Inclined or prejudiced to a particular position

Answer 49

biased

Question 50

Pertaining to the quality, kind, or nature of a thing, regardless of the amount or degree.

Answer 50

qualitatively

Question 51

God always thinks correctly, and the Bible commands us to think like Him (Isaiah 55:7-8) and emulate His \_\_\_. (Ephesians 5:1)

Answer 51

character

Question 52

Pertaining to the amount, degree, or number of something.

Answer 52

quantitatively

Question 53

A written or spoken symbol that represents something else.

Answer 53

linguistic token

Question 54

Existing in thought as an idea but having no physical or material existence.

Answer 54

abstract

Question 55

At variance or not compatible; two things that do not go well together

Answer 55

inconsistent

Question 56

Opinions formed from evidence; what people reason to be true or likely true from evidence or reason.

Answer 56

inferences

Question 57

\_\_\_ is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. It is the way God thinks

Answer 57

Logic

Question 58

That which is suggested by evidence or reasoning. That which follows logically from something else

Answer 58

implications

Question 59

Conjecture, guess, or hypothesis, without sufficient supporting evidence.

Answer 59

speculation

Question 60

Unbelievers too are made in the image of God, and hence have the capacity for ___ reasoning, God has given them knowledge as well.

Answer 60

rational

Question 61

Dependent on the thoughts or feelings of the individual.

Answer 61

subjective

Question 62

The proposition in an argument that the person is attempting to prove

Answer 62

conclusion

Question 63

A truth claim, may be true or false

Answer 63

proposition

Question 64

Able to exist or exert power at all locations in space at the same time.

Answer 64

omni-present

Question 65

A stipulative or lexical definition that is associated with a particular scientific theory.

Answer 65

theoretical definition

Question 66

universal, invariant, abstract rules of correct reasoning

Answer 66

laws of logic

Question 67

That which shows itself to be wrong. A self-refuting argument is one in which the conclusion is inconsistent with one or more of the premises.

Answer 67

self-refuting

Question 68

The opposite proposition is formed by adding “it is not the case that” to the original proposition. It always has the opposite truth value of a given proposition.

Answer 68

negation

Question 69

To be ___ is to reason incorrectly. But god, by His nature always reasons correctly.

Answer 69

illogical

Question 70

The study of the principles of correct reasoning that focuses on the structure (or form) of the argument.

Answer 70

formal logic

Question 71

The study of the principles of correct reasoning which does not focus on the structure of an argument.

Answer 71

informal logic

Question 72

An argument that is valid and also has true premises; always has a tru conclusion

Answer 72

sound

Question 73

A categorical argument containing two premises and one conclusion that uses words like “all, some, no, not.”

Answer 73

syllogism

Question 74

An argument in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true.

Answer 74

valid

Question 75

A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.

Answer 75

fallacy

Question 76

A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.

Answer 76

fallacy

Question 77

An argument with an unstated premise or an unstated conclusion

Answer 77

enthymeme

Question 78

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has used words or phrases in a way that is confusing or vague.

Answer 78

fallacy of ambiguity

Question 79

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has assumed something that is unproved or doubtful.

Answer 79

fallacy of presumption

Question 80

A category of logical fallacy in which the conclusion of argument is not strongly relevant to the premises.

Answer 80

fallacy of relevance

Question 81

Shifting from one meaning of a word to another within an argument

Answer 81

equivocation

Question 82

Attributing a concrete characteristic to something abstract.

Answer 82

reification

Question 83

Changing the meaning of proposition by placing undue emphasis on a word or phrase

Answer 83

fallacy of accent

Question 84

The use of “all” that means “all together” or taken as a whole - in contrast to distributive

Answer 84

collective

Question 85

Falsely assuming that what is true of the parts/individuals must also be true of the whole/group

Answer 85

fallacy of composition

Question 86

Falsely assuming that what is true of the whole/group must also be true of the parts/individuals

Answer 86

fallacy of division

Question 87

The use of “all” that means “each and every one” taken separately - in contrast to collective

Answer 87

distributive

Question 88

Drawing a generalization from too few specific examples.

Answer 88

hasty generalization

Question 89

Applying a generalization to an exception.

Answer 89

sweeping generalization

Question 90

The error of attributing a cause-and-effect relationship between two events that do not actually have such a relationship

Answer 90

false cause fallacy

Question 91

“After this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event. A caused event B solely on the basis that B came after A.

Answer 91

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Fallacy

Question 92

“With this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event A caused event B solely on the bases that the two events occur together.

Answer 92

Cum Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

Question 93

Arbitrarily assuming what one is attempting to prove as part of the proof.

Answer 93

Begging the question

Question 94

An argument that has some degree of unavoidable circularity due to the essential nature of the claim, and yet is self-consistent and non-arbitrary.

Answer 94

virtuous circle

Question 95

A way of reasoning that arbitrarily assumes what the person is attempting to prove. They commit the fallacy of begging the question.

Answer 95

vicious circle

Question 96

Something that is based on speculation or conjecture for the sake of discussion or argument.

Answer 96

hypothetical

Question 97

Using biased (often emotional) language to persuade people rather than using logic.

Answer 97

question - begging epithet

Question 98

Attempting to persuade by asking a loaded question.

Answer 98

complex question

Question 99

Claiming there are only two mutually exclusive possibilities, when there is a third option (or more).

Answer 99

fallacy of bifurcation