Chapter 27 Review Flashcards by Marcia Young

A common error in reasoning.

fallacy

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Practical; based on what works regardless of theoretical considerations, principles, moral implications, or truth.

pragmatic

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An argument in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true.

valid

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In accordance with our feelings or expectations

intuitive

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Pertaining to the quality, kind, or nature of a thing, regardless of the amount or degree.

qualitatively

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An informal argument is cogent if the conclusion is likely to be true.

cogent

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At variance or not compatible; two things that do not go well together

inconsistent

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A way of reasoning that arbitrarily assumes what the person is attempting to prove. They commit the fallacy of begging the question.

vicious circle

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The error of attributing a cause-and-effect relationship between two events that do not actually have such a relationship

false cause fallacy

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A series of propositions where the truth of one is said to follow from the others

argument

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Conjecture, guess, or hypothesis, without sufficient supporting evidence.

speculation

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Opinions formed from evidence; what people reason to be true or likely true from evidence or reason.

inferences

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Disobedience to God

sin

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Independent of arbitrary standards; being without exception or qualification

absolute

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A truth claim, may be true or false

proposition

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God always thinks correctly, and the Bible commands us to think like Him (Isaiah 55:7-8) and emulate His ___. (Ephesians 5:1)

character

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A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.

fallacy

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An argument that is valid and also has true premises; always has a tru conclusion

sound

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Those things that are required in advance; that which is necessary to a particular end.

prerequisites

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Drawing a generalization from too few specific examples.

hasty generalization

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An argument in which the conclusion is likely to be true if the premises are.

inductive argument

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Having confidence in something not perceived with the senses.

faith

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The quality of being unclear in meaning; the capacity to be understood in two or more ways

ambiguilty

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Falsely assuming that what is true of the parts/individuals must also be true of the whole/group

fallacy of composition

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The use of “all” that means “all together” or taken as a whole - in contrast to distributive

collective

The object or idea to which a word points or symbolizes.

referent

To go beyond

transcend

Inclined or prejudiced to a particular position

biased

The definition of a word that is consistent with its lexical definition, but which adds further restrictions for the purpose of clarification or scientific precision.

precising definition

The compound proposition “A or not-A” is always true. Or, “Either A is true or not-A is true.” A proposition always has the opposite truth value of its negation.

Law of the Excluded Middle

The study of the principles of correct reasoning that focuses on the structure (or form) of the argument.

formal logic

Able to exist or exert power at all locations in space at the same time.

omni-present

Unbelievers too are made in the image of God, and hence have the capacity for ___ reasoning, God has given them knowledge as well.

rational

The opposite proposition is formed by adding “it is not the case that” to the original proposition. It always has the opposite truth value of a given proposition.

negation

A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.

fallacy

Using biased (often emotional) language to persuade people rather than using logic.

question - begging epithet

The error of defining a term in a biased way that would not be found in a dictionary in order to protect a claim from evidence to the contrary.

the no true scotsman fallacy

Comforming to the mind of God

true

Applying a generalization to an exception.

sweeping generalization

A declaration of the meaning of a word or phrase that does not already have an established one.

stipulative definition

not changing over time

invariant

The proposition in an argument that the person is attempting to prove

conclusion

\_\_\_ is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. It is the way God thinks

Logic

having supreme power or authority and not required to answer to any higher authority

sovereign

true, justified belief

knowledge

That which shows itself to be wrong. A self-refuting argument is one in which the conclusion is inconsistent with one or more of the premises.

self-refuting

A fallacious definition, not found in any dictionary, that is intended to persuade someone.

persuasive definition

“After this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event. A caused event B solely on the basis that B came after A.

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Fallacy

\_\_\_ is having confidence (or proof, or good reasons) for what you have not experienced with your senses. It is a confident expectation in that which is unseen (Hebrews 11:1).

Faith

Attempting to persuade by asking a loaded question.

complex question

The disclosure of information from God to man contained in the Bible.

special revelation

A good argument has true \_\_\_, and the conclusion follows from them.

premises

A proposition in an argument that is taken as an accepted fact.

premise

The tendency to induce belief or behavior in a person. An argument is one in which most people will accept the conclusion as true

persuasive

independent of the person; something that is the same for all people

objective

An argument with an unstated premise or an unstated conclusion

enthymeme

An argument in which the conclusion is certainly true if the premises are.

deductive argument

Falsely assuming that what is true of the whole/group must also be true of the parts/individuals

fallacy of division

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has used words or phrases in a way that is confusing or vague.

fallacy of ambiguity

Applicable everywhere.

universal

To copy or imitate; to match the characteristics of another.

emulate

Attributing a concrete characteristic to something abstract.

reification

“With this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event A caused event B solely on the bases that the two events occur together.

Cum Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

Something that appears clear to the eye or mind, though it may not be.

apparant

Claiming there are only two mutually exclusive possibilities, when there is a third option (or more).

fallacy of bifurcation

A written or spoken symbol that represents something else.

linguistic token

A stipulative or lexical definition that is associated with a particular scientific theory.

theoretical definition

Existing in thought as an idea but having no physical or material existence.

abstract

The use of “all” that means “each and every one” taken separately - in contrast to collective

distributive

Pertaining to the belief or conviction that there is one and only one God.

monotheistic

universal, invariant, abstract rules of correct reasoning

laws of logic

Abstract; existing within the mind such as a thought or idea

conceptual

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has assumed something that is unproved or doubtful.

fallacy of presumption

The study of the principles of correct reasoning which does not focus on the structure of an argument.

informal logic

Arbitrarily assuming what one is attempting to prove as part of the proof.

Begging the question

Changing the meaning of proposition by placing undue emphasis on a word or phrase

fallacy of accent

A category of logical fallacy in which the conclusion of argument is not strongly relevant to the premises.

fallacy of relevance

To project or expand beyond known data or experiences based on patterns exhibited in known data or experiences; to infer unknown values or properties based on known values or properties.

extrapolate

A philosophy advocating the repression of emotion and indifference to pleasure or pain.

stoicism

A positive mental attitude toward a proposition; something a person accepts as true

belief

In accordance with the laws of Logic: logical

rational

That which is suggested by evidence or reasoning. That which follows logically from something else

implications

The Bible reveals that human beings are made in God's image, and therefore reflect some of His attributes, including the ability to \_\_\_.

reason

Something that is based on speculation or conjecture for the sake of discussion or argument.

hypothetical

A categorical argument containing two premises and one conclusion that uses words like “all, some, no, not.”

syllogism

Dependent on the thoughts or feelings of the individual.

subjective

Pertaining to the belief that there are multiple gods.

polytheistic

to not have a specific reason for a belief or action; not having a reason

arbitrary

The compound proposition “A and not-A” is always false. Or, “You cannot have A and not-A at the same time and in the same sense.”

Law of Non-contradiction

The art or skill of speaking or writing effectively and persuasively (regardless of considerations of logic or truth).

rhetoric

“A thing is itself” or “if A then A.”

Law of Identity

Contrary to the mind of God

false

Pertaining to the amount, degree, or number of something.

quantitatively

The disclosure of information from God to man

revelation (divine)

The negation of a proposition, or the combination of the proposition and its negation. “A and not-A” is a contradiction.

contradiction

the definition of a word found in a dictionary

lexical definition

Shifting from one meaning of a word to another within an argument

equivocation

To be ___ is to reason incorrectly. But god, by His nature always reasons correctly.

illogical

To provide reasons for proposition.

justify

An argument that has some degree of unavoidable circularity due to the essential nature of the claim, and yet is self-consistent and non-arbitrary.

virtuous circle