Chapter 25 Review

Question 1

A fallacious definition, not found in any dictionary, that is intended to persuade someone.

Answer 1

persuasive definition

Question 2

The study of the principles of correct reasoning that focuses on the structure (or form) of the argument.

Answer 2

formal logic

Question 3

The quality of being unclear in meaning; the capacity to be understood in two or more ways

Answer 3

ambiguilty

Question 4

A philosophy advocating the repression of emotion and indifference to pleasure or pain.

Answer 4

stoicism

Question 5

Something that is based on speculation or conjecture for the sake of discussion or argument.

Answer 5

hypothetical

Question 6

A proposition in an argument that is taken as an accepted fact.

Answer 6

premise

Question 7

A series of propositions where the truth of one is said to follow from the others

Answer 7

argument

Question 8

“A thing is itself” or “if A then A.”

Answer 8

Law of Identity

Question 9

Arbitrarily assuming what one is attempting to prove as part of the proof.

Answer 9

Begging the question

Question 10

The tendency to induce belief or behavior in a person. An argument is one in which most people will accept the conclusion as true

Answer 10

persuasive

Question 11

The use of “all” that means “all together” or taken as a whole - in contrast to distributive

Answer 11

collective

Question 12

To provide reasons for proposition.

Answer 12

justify

Question 13

Conjecture, guess, or hypothesis, without sufficient supporting evidence.

Answer 13

speculation

Question 14

That which shows itself to be wrong. A self-refuting argument is one in which the conclusion is inconsistent with one or more of the premises.

Answer 14

self-refuting

Question 15

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has used words or phrases in a way that is confusing or vague.

Answer 15

fallacy of ambiguity

Question 16

An argument that has some degree of unavoidable circularity due to the essential nature of the claim, and yet is self-consistent and non-arbitrary.

Answer 16

virtuous circle

Question 17

Able to exist or exert power at all locations in space at the same time.

Answer 17

omni-present

Question 18

not changing over time

Answer 18

invariant

Question 19

The Bible reveals that human beings are made in God’s image, and therefore reflect some of His attributes, including the ability to ___.

Answer 19

reason

Question 20

The compound proposition “A and not-A” is always false. Or, “You cannot have A and not-A at the same time and in the same sense.”

Answer 20

Law of Non-contradiction

Question 21

Attempting to persuade by asking a loaded question.

Answer 21

complex question

Question 22

An argument in which the conclusion is likely to be true if the premises are.

Answer 22

inductive argument

Question 23

Applying a generalization to an exception.

Answer 23

sweeping generalization

Question 24

The proposition in an argument that the person is attempting to prove

Answer 24

conclusion

Question 25

An argument with an unstated premise or an unstated conclusion

Answer 25

enthymeme

Question 26

Pertaining to the quality, kind, or nature of a thing, regardless of the amount or degree.

Answer 26

qualitatively

Question 27

“After this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event. A caused event B solely on the basis that B came after A.

Answer 27

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Fallacy

Question 28

A way of reasoning that arbitrarily assumes what the person is attempting to prove. They commit the fallacy of begging the question.

Answer 28

vicious circle

Question 29

An argument in which the conclusion is certainly true if the premises are.

Answer 29

deductive argument

Question 30

Those things that are required in advance; that which is necessary to a particular end.

Answer 30

prerequisites

Question 31

Unbelievers too are made in the image of God, and hence have the capacity for ___ reasoning, God has given them knowledge as well.

Answer 31

rational

Question 32

To project or expand beyond known data or experiences based on patterns exhibited in known data or experiences; to infer unknown values or properties based on known values or properties.

Answer 32

extrapolate

Question 33

\_\_\_ is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. It is the way God thinks

Answer 33

Logic

Question 34

An argument in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true.

Answer 34

valid

Question 35

Something that appears clear to the eye or mind, though it may not be.

Answer 35

apparant

Question 36

That which is suggested by evidence or reasoning. That which follows logically from something else

Answer 36

implications

Question 37

the definition of a word found in a dictionary

Answer 37

lexical definition

Question 38

The error of attributing a cause-and-effect relationship between two events that do not actually have such a relationship

Answer 38

false cause fallacy

Question 39

The definition of a word that is consistent with its lexical definition, but which adds further restrictions for the purpose of clarification or scientific precision.

Answer 39

precising definition

Question 40

A stipulative or lexical definition that is associated with a particular scientific theory.

Answer 40

theoretical definition

Question 41

The disclosure of information from God to man

Answer 41

revelation (divine)

Question 42

The disclosure of information from God to man contained in the Bible.

Answer 42

special revelation

Question 43

Falsely assuming that what is true of the parts/individuals must also be true of the whole/group

Answer 43

fallacy of composition

Question 44

Comforming to the mind of God

Answer 44

true

Question 45

A good argument has true \_\_\_, and the conclusion follows from them.

Answer 45

premises

Question 46

independent of the person; something that is the same for all people

Answer 46

objective

Question 47

The opposite proposition is formed by adding “it is not the case that” to the original proposition. It always has the opposite truth value of a given proposition.

Answer 47

negation

Question 48

A common error in reasoning.

Answer 48

fallacy

Question 49

“With this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event A caused event B solely on the bases that the two events occur together.

Answer 49

Cum Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

Question 50

The object or idea to which a word points or symbolizes.

Answer 50

referent

Question 51

\_\_\_ is having confidence (or proof, or good reasons) for what you have not experienced with your senses. It is a confident expectation in that which is unseen (Hebrews 11:1).

Answer 51

Faith

Question 52

Having confidence in something not perceived with the senses.

Answer 52

faith

Question 53

Drawing a generalization from too few specific examples.

Answer 53

hasty generalization

Question 54

In accordance with the laws of Logic: logical

Answer 54

rational

Question 55

Opinions formed from evidence; what people reason to be true or likely true from evidence or reason.

Answer 55

inferences

Question 56

A positive mental attitude toward a proposition; something a person accepts as true

Answer 56

belief

Question 57

The art or skill of speaking or writing effectively and persuasively (regardless of considerations of logic or truth).

Answer 57

rhetoric

Question 58

Using biased (often emotional) language to persuade people rather than using logic.

Answer 58

question - begging epithet

Question 59

to not have a specific reason for a belief or action; not having a reason

Answer 59

arbitrary

Question 60

Dependent on the thoughts or feelings of the individual.

Answer 60

subjective

Question 61

To copy or imitate; to match the characteristics of another.

Answer 61

emulate

Question 62

In accordance with our feelings or expectations

Answer 62

intuitive

Question 63

Abstract; existing within the mind such as a thought or idea

Answer 63

conceptual

Question 64

Changing the meaning of proposition by placing undue emphasis on a word or phrase

Answer 64

fallacy of accent

Question 65

To be ___ is to reason incorrectly. But god, by His nature always reasons correctly.

Answer 65

illogical

Question 66

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has assumed something that is unproved or doubtful.

Answer 66

fallacy of presumption

Question 67

A categorical argument containing two premises and one conclusion that uses words like “all, some, no, not.”

Answer 67

syllogism

Question 68

Pertaining to the belief that there are multiple gods.

Answer 68

polytheistic

Question 69

Attributing a concrete characteristic to something abstract.

Answer 69

reification

Question 70

A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.

Answer 70

fallacy

Question 71

Existing in thought as an idea but having no physical or material existence.

Answer 71

abstract

Question 72

Contrary to the mind of God

Answer 72

false

Question 73

universal, invariant, abstract rules of correct reasoning

Answer 73

laws of logic

Question 74

An informal argument is cogent if the conclusion is likely to be true.

Answer 74

cogent

Question 75

At variance or not compatible; two things that do not go well together

Answer 75

inconsistent

Question 76

Independent of arbitrary standards; being without exception or qualification

Answer 76

absolute

Question 77

true, justified belief

Answer 77

knowledge

Question 78

Applicable everywhere.

Answer 78

universal

Question 79

Pertaining to the belief or conviction that there is one and only one God.

Answer 79

monotheistic

Question 80

A declaration of the meaning of a word or phrase that does not already have an established one.

Answer 80

stipulative definition

Question 81

The use of “all” that means “each and every one” taken separately - in contrast to collective

Answer 81

distributive

Question 82

Pertaining to the amount, degree, or number of something.

Answer 82

quantitatively

Question 83

Disobedience to God

Answer 83

sin

Question 84

A category of logical fallacy in which the conclusion of argument is not strongly relevant to the premises.

Answer 84

fallacy of relevance

Question 85

To go beyond

Answer 85

transcend

Question 86

An argument that is valid and also has true premises; always has a tru conclusion

Answer 86

sound

Question 87

A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.

Answer 87

fallacy

Question 88

Falsely assuming that what is true of the whole/group must also be true of the parts/individuals

Answer 88

fallacy of division

Question 89

Practical; based on what works regardless of theoretical considerations, principles, moral implications, or truth.

Answer 89

pragmatic

Question 90

having supreme power or authority and not required to answer to any higher authority

Answer 90

sovereign

Question 91

The compound proposition “A or not-A” is always true. Or, “Either A is true or not-A is true.” A proposition always has the opposite truth value of its negation.

Answer 91

Law of the Excluded Middle

Question 92

A written or spoken symbol that represents something else.

Answer 92

linguistic token

Question 93

God always thinks correctly, and the Bible commands us to think like Him (Isaiah 55:7-8) and emulate His \_\_\_. (Ephesians 5:1)

Answer 93

character

Question 94

Inclined or prejudiced to a particular position

Answer 94

biased

Question 95

A truth claim, may be true or false

Answer 95

proposition

Question 96

The negation of a proposition, or the combination of the proposition and its negation. “A and not-A” is a contradiction.

Answer 96

contradiction

Question 97

The study of the principles of correct reasoning which does not focus on the structure of an argument.

Answer 97

informal logic

Question 98

Shifting from one meaning of a word to another within an argument

Answer 98

equivocation