Chapter 23 Review

Question 1

Pertaining to the belief or conviction that there is one and only one God.

Answer 1

monotheistic

Question 2

Independent of arbitrary standards; being without exception or qualification

Answer 2

absolute

Question 3

___ is having confidence (or proof, or good reasons) for what you have not experienced with your senses. It is a confident expectation in that which is unseen (Hebrews 11:1).

Answer 3

Faith

Question 4

Existing in thought as an idea but having no physical or material existence.

Answer 4

abstract

Question 5

An argument in which the conclusion is certainly true if the premises are.

Answer 5

deductive argument

Question 6

The use of “all” that means “all together” or taken as a whole - in contrast to distributive

Answer 6

collective

Question 7

An argument in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true.

Answer 7

valid

Question 8

Applying a generalization to an exception.

Answer 8

sweeping generalization

Question 9

Shifting from one meaning of a word to another within an argument

Answer 9

equivocation

Question 10

Falsely assuming that what is true of the whole/group must also be true of the parts/individuals

Answer 10

fallacy of division

Question 11

The definition of a word that is consistent with its lexical definition, but which adds further restrictions for the purpose of clarification or scientific precision.

Answer 11

precising definition

Question 12

Unbelievers too are made in the image of God, and hence have the capacity for ___ reasoning, God has given them knowledge as well.

Answer 12

rational

Question 13

An argument in which the conclusion is likely to be true if the premises are.

Answer 13

inductive argument

Question 14

An informal argument is cogent if the conclusion is likely to be true.

Answer 14

cogent

Question 15

The disclosure of information from God to man contained in the Bible.

Answer 15

special revelation

Question 16

To go beyond

Answer 16

transcend

Question 17

true, justified belief

Answer 17

knowledge

Question 18

Practical; based on what works regardless of theoretical considerations, principles, moral implications, or truth.

Answer 18

pragmatic

Question 19

A series of propositions where the truth of one is said to follow from the others

Answer 19

argument

Question 20

Having confidence in something not perceived with the senses.

Answer 20

faith

Question 21

A written or spoken symbol that represents something else.

Answer 21

linguistic token

Question 22

“A thing is itself” or “if A then A.”

Answer 22

Law of Identity

Question 23

The disclosure of information from God to man

Answer 23

revelation (divine)

Question 24

An argument that has some degree of unavoidable circularity due to the essential nature of the claim, and yet is self-consistent and non-arbitrary.

Answer 24

virtuous circle

Question 25

“With this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event A caused event B solely on the bases that the two events occur together.

Answer 25

Cum Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

Question 26

The Bible reveals that human beings are made in God's image, and therefore reflect some of His attributes, including the ability to \_\_\_.

Answer 26

reason

Question 27

The opposite proposition is formed by adding “it is not the case that” to the original proposition. It always has the opposite truth value of a given proposition.

Answer 27

negation

Question 28

Able to exist or exert power at all locations in space at the same time.

Answer 28

omni-present

Question 29

A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.

Answer 29

fallacy

Question 30

not changing over time

Answer 30

invariant

Question 31

Inclined or prejudiced to a particular position

Answer 31

biased

Question 32

The proposition in an argument that the person is attempting to prove

Answer 32

conclusion

Question 33

Comforming to the mind of God

Answer 33

true

Question 34

The use of “all” that means “each and every one” taken separately - in contrast to collective

Answer 34

distributive

Question 35

A fallacious definition, not found in any dictionary, that is intended to persuade someone.

Answer 35

persuasive definition

Question 36

That which shows itself to be wrong. A self-refuting argument is one in which the conclusion is inconsistent with one or more of the premises.

Answer 36

self-refuting

Question 37

The object or idea to which a word points or symbolizes.

Answer 37

referent

Question 38

Arbitrarily assuming what one is attempting to prove as part of the proof.

Answer 38

Begging the question

Question 39

Conjecture, guess, or hypothesis, without sufficient supporting evidence.

Answer 39

speculation

Question 40

Opinions formed from evidence; what people reason to be true or likely true from evidence or reason.

Answer 40

inferences

Question 41

Changing the meaning of proposition by placing undue emphasis on a word or phrase

Answer 41

fallacy of accent

Question 42

A philosophy advocating the repression of emotion and indifference to pleasure or pain.

Answer 42

stoicism

Question 43

independent of the person; something that is the same for all people

Answer 43

objective

Question 44

A positive mental attitude toward a proposition; something a person accepts as true

Answer 44

belief

Question 45

The art or skill of speaking or writing effectively and persuasively (regardless of considerations of logic or truth).

Answer 45

rhetoric

Question 46

the definition of a word found in a dictionary

Answer 46

lexical definition

Question 47

universal, invariant, abstract rules of correct reasoning

Answer 47

laws of logic

Question 48

A declaration of the meaning of a word or phrase that does not already have an established one.

Answer 48

stipulative definition

Question 49

In accordance with our feelings or expectations

Answer 49

intuitive

Question 50

An argument with an unstated premise or an unstated conclusion

Answer 50

enthymeme

Question 51

A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.

Answer 51

fallacy

Question 52

Applicable everywhere.

Answer 52

universal

Question 53

To copy or imitate; to match the characteristics of another.

Answer 53

emulate

Question 54

Pertaining to the belief that there are multiple gods.

Answer 54

polytheistic

Question 55

“After this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event. A caused event B solely on the basis that B came after A.

Answer 55

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Fallacy

Question 56

A common error in reasoning.

Answer 56

fallacy

Question 57

A category of logical fallacy in which the conclusion of argument is not strongly relevant to the premises.

Answer 57

fallacy of relevance

Question 58

Abstract; existing within the mind such as a thought or idea

Answer 58

conceptual

Question 59

The study of the principles of correct reasoning which does not focus on the structure of an argument.

Answer 59

informal logic

Question 60

The negation of a proposition, or the combination of the proposition and its negation. “A and not-A” is a contradiction.

Answer 60

contradiction

Question 61

To project or expand beyond known data or experiences based on patterns exhibited in known data or experiences; to infer unknown values or properties based on known values or properties.

Answer 61

extrapolate

Question 62

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has used words or phrases in a way that is confusing or vague.

Answer 62

fallacy of ambiguity

Question 63

The tendency to induce belief or behavior in a person. An argument is one in which most people will accept the conclusion as true

Answer 63

persuasive

Question 64

A proposition in an argument that is taken as an accepted fact.

Answer 64

premise

Question 65

To be ___ is to reason incorrectly. But god, by His nature always reasons correctly.

Answer 65

illogical

Question 66

Contrary to the mind of God

Answer 66

false

Question 67

Those things that are required in advance; that which is necessary to a particular end.

Answer 67

prerequisites

Question 68

In accordance with the laws of Logic: logical

Answer 68

rational

Question 69

A way of reasoning that arbitrarily assumes what the person is attempting to prove. They commit the fallacy of begging the question.

Answer 69

vicious circle

Question 70

Pertaining to the quality, kind, or nature of a thing, regardless of the amount or degree.

Answer 70

qualitatively

Question 71

\_\_\_ is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. It is the way God thinks

Answer 71

Logic

Question 72

The quality of being unclear in meaning; the capacity to be understood in two or more ways

Answer 72

ambiguilty

Question 73

Something that appears clear to the eye or mind, though it may not be.

Answer 73

apparant

Question 74

A stipulative or lexical definition that is associated with a particular scientific theory.

Answer 74

theoretical definition

Question 75

That which is suggested by evidence or reasoning. That which follows logically from something else

Answer 75

implications

Question 76

A categorical argument containing two premises and one conclusion that uses words like “all, some, no, not.”

Answer 76

syllogism

Question 77

God always thinks correctly, and the Bible commands us to think like Him (Isaiah 55:7-8) and emulate His \_\_\_. (Ephesians 5:1)

Answer 77

character

Question 78

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has assumed something that is unproved or doubtful.

Answer 78

fallacy of presumption

Question 79

having supreme power or authority and not required to answer to any higher authority

Answer 79

sovereign

Question 80

to not have a specific reason for a belief or action; not having a reason

Answer 80

arbitrary

Question 81

Disobedience to God

Answer 81

sin

Question 82

To provide reasons for proposition.

Answer 82

justify

Question 83

The compound proposition “A or not-A” is always true. Or, “Either A is true or not-A is true.” A proposition always has the opposite truth value of its negation.

Answer 83

Law of the Excluded Middle

Question 84

At variance or not compatible; two things that do not go well together

Answer 84

inconsistent

Question 85

A truth claim, may be true or false

Answer 85

proposition

Question 86

Attributing a concrete characteristic to something abstract.

Answer 86

reification

Question 87

The compound proposition “A and not-A” is always false. Or, “You cannot have A and not-A at the same time and in the same sense.”

Answer 87

Law of Non-contradiction

Question 88

Dependent on the thoughts or feelings of the individual.

Answer 88

subjective

Question 89

Drawing a generalization from too few specific examples.

Answer 89

hasty generalization

Question 90

Pertaining to the amount, degree, or number of something.

Answer 90

quantitatively

Question 91

Something that is based on speculation or conjecture for the sake of discussion or argument.

Answer 91

hypothetical

Question 92

The study of the principles of correct reasoning that focuses on the structure (or form) of the argument.

Answer 92

formal logic

Question 93

The error of attributing a cause-and-effect relationship between two events that do not actually have such a relationship

Answer 93

false cause fallacy

Question 94

Falsely assuming that what is true of the parts/individuals must also be true of the whole/group

Answer 94

fallacy of composition

Question 95

A good argument has true \_\_\_, and the conclusion follows from them.

Answer 95

premises

Question 96

An argument that is valid and also has true premises; always has a tru conclusion

Answer 96

sound