Chapter 34 Review Flashcards by Marcia Young

An argument in which the conclusion is certainly true if the premises are.

deductive argument

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An argument that is valid and also has true premises; always has a tru conclusion

sound

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To copy or imitate; to match the characteristics of another.

emulate

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An informal argument is cogent if the conclusion is likely to be true.

cogent

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universal, invariant, abstract rules of correct reasoning

laws of logic

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An argument that has some degree of unavoidable circularity due to the essential nature of the claim, and yet is self-consistent and non-arbitrary.

virtuous circle

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Independent of arbitrary standards; being without exception or qualification

absolute

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A positive mental attitude toward a proposition; something a person accepts as true

belief

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The opposite proposition is formed by adding “it is not the case that” to the original proposition. It always has the opposite truth value of a given proposition.

negation

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A stipulative or lexical definition that is associated with a particular scientific theory.

theoretical definition

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The use of “all” that means “each and every one” taken separately - in contrast to collective

distributive

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Opinions formed from evidence; what people reason to be true or likely true from evidence or reason.

inferences

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The error (arbitrarily) using a double standard, especially when the arguer exempts himself from a standard he applies to others.

special pleading

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Able to exist or exert power at all locations in space at the same time.

omni-present

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To project or expand beyond known data or experiences based on patterns exhibited in known data or experiences; to infer unknown values or properties based on known values or properties.

extrapolate

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The disclosure of information from God to man contained in the Bible.

special revelation

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A series of propositions where the truth of one is said to follow from the others

argument

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A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.

fallacy

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Inclined or prejudiced to a particular position

biased

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“With this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event A caused event B solely on the bases that the two events occur together.

Cum Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

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To provide reasons for proposition.

justify

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Shifting from one meaning of a word to another within an argument

equivocation

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Fallacy of attempting to persuade people by stirring powerful emotions rather than making a logical case.

appeal to emotion

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The compound proposition “A and not-A” is always false. Or, “You cannot have A and not-A at the same time and in the same sense.”

Law of Non-contradiction

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The tendency to induce belief or behavior in a person. An argument is one in which most people will accept the conclusion as true

persuasive

The definition of a word that is consistent with its lexical definition, but which adds further restrictions for the purpose of clarification or scientific precision.

precising definition

Something that is based on speculation or conjecture for the sake of discussion or argument.

hypothetical

not changing over time

invariant

At variance or not compatible; two things that do not go well together

inconsistent

Disobedience to God

sin

The object or idea to which a word points or symbolizes.

referent

The Bible reveals that human beings are made in God's image, and therefore reflect some of His attributes, including the ability to \_\_\_.

reason

“A thing is itself” or “if A then A.”

Law of Identity

Abstract; existing within the mind such as a thought or idea

conceptual

Dependent on the thoughts or feelings of the individual.

subjective

Misrepresenting an opponent's position and proceeding to refute the misrepresentation rather than what the opponent actually claims.

the strawman fallacy

The proposition in an argument that the person is attempting to prove

conclusion

Applying a generalization to an exception.

sweeping generalization

\_\_\_ is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. It is the way God thinks

Logic

Contrary to the mind of God

false

A common error in reasoning.

fallacy

Pertaining to the belief that there are multiple gods.

polytheistic

A good argument has true \_\_\_, and the conclusion follows from them.

premises

to not have a specific reason for a belief or action; not having a reason

arbitrary

The study of the principles of correct reasoning which does not focus on the structure of an argument.

informal logic

Claiming that a proposition or an argument must be correct because a fallible person believes it. Often the appeal is to an expert but outside of his area of expertise, or to an expert who disagrees with other experts in the same field.

faulty to appeal to authority

Applicable everywhere.

universal

A proposition in an argument that is taken as an accepted fact.

premise

independent of the person; something that is the same for all people

objective

Arguing that a person's argument is wrong by attacking the character of the person.

abusive ad hominem

Conjecture, guess, or hypothesis, without sufficient supporting evidence.

speculation

the definition of a word found in a dictionary

lexical definition

Something that appears clear to the eye or mind, though it may not be.

apparant

Drawing a generalization from too few specific examples.

hasty generalization

A declaration of the meaning of a word or phrase that does not already have an established one.

stipulative definition

The negation of a proposition, or the combination of the proposition and its negation. “A and not-A” is a contradiction.

contradiction

That which is suggested by evidence or reasoning. That which follows logically from something else

implications

Attempting to persuade by asking a loaded question.

complex question

The error of defining a term in a biased way that would not be found in a dictionary in order to protect a claim from evidence to the contrary.

the no true scotsman fallacy

The error of drawing erroneous inferences from an analogy that is not similar in relevant ways to the topic under discussion.

false analogy

A categorical argument containing two premises and one conclusion that uses words like “all, some, no, not.”

syllogism

A way of reasoning that arbitrarily assumes what the person is attempting to prove. They commit the fallacy of begging the question.

vicious circle

Comforming to the mind of God

true

The error of attributing a cause-and-effect relationship between two events that do not actually have such a relationship

false cause fallacy

Changing the meaning of proposition by placing undue emphasis on a word or phrase

fallacy of accent

A philosophy advocating the repression of emotion and indifference to pleasure or pain.

stoicism

A written or spoken symbol that represents something else.

linguistic token

God always thinks correctly, and the Bible commands us to think like Him (Isaiah 55:7-8) and emulate His \_\_\_. (Ephesians 5:1)

character

A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.

fallacy

true, justified belief

knowledge

An argument in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true.

valid

In accordance with our feelings or expectations

intuitive

To be ___ is to reason incorrectly. But god, by His nature always reasons correctly.

illogical

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has used words or phrases in a way that is confusing or vague.

fallacy of ambiguity

To go beyond

transcend

Existing in thought as an idea but having no physical or material existence.

abstract

A guess; an inference formed without proof or with insufficient evidence.

conjecture

Persuading people to accept a position by generating sympathy for those who hold the position.

appeal to pity

In accordance with the laws of Logic: logical

rational

The quality of being unclear in meaning; the capacity to be understood in two or more ways

ambiguilty

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has assumed something that is unproved or doubtful.

fallacy of presumption

arguing that a given action will set off a chain reaction leading to a particular result, when in reality other factors are likely to prevent that result.

slippery slope fallacy

The compound proposition “A or not-A” is always true. Or, “Either A is true or not-A is true.” A proposition always has the opposite truth value of its negation.

Law of the Excluded Middle

An informal argument is weak if the conclusion is not likely to be true.

weak

That which shows itself to be wrong. A self-refuting argument is one in which the conclusion is inconsistent with one or more of the premises.

self-refuting

Arbitrarily assuming what one is attempting to prove as part of the proof.

Begging the question

Pertaining to the amount, degree, or number of something.

quantitatively

Directing an argument against the person making the claim rather than the claim itself.

ad hominem

A category of logical fallacy in which the conclusion of argument is not strongly relevant to the premises.

fallacy of relevance

A fallacious definition, not found in any dictionary, that is intended to persuade someone.

persuasive definition

Falsely assuming that what is true of the parts/individuals must also be true of the whole/group

fallacy of composition

A truth claim, may be true or false

proposition

The disclosure of information from God to man

revelation (divine)

Using biased (often emotional) language to persuade people rather than using logic.

question - begging epithet

Fallacy of appealing to the unknown; specifically when a person argues that a claim is probably true simply because it has never been proven false.

appeal to ignorance

Pertaining to the belief or conviction that there is one and only one God.

monotheistic

Pertaining to the quality, kind, or nature of a thing, regardless of the amount or degree.

qualitatively

An argument in which the conclusion is likely to be true if the premises are.

inductive argument

Practical; based on what works regardless of theoretical considerations, principles, moral implications, or truth.

pragmatic

The use of “all” that means “all together” or taken as a whole - in contrast to distributive

collective

Falsely assuming that what is true of the whole/group must also be true of the parts/individuals

fallacy of division

having supreme power or authority and not required to answer to any higher authority

sovereign

\_\_\_ is having confidence (or proof, or good reasons) for what you have not experienced with your senses. It is a confident expectation in that which is unseen (Hebrews 11:1).

Faith

Having confidence in something not perceived with the senses.

faith

Arguing that something must be true because a majority believes it. This is a specific type of the faulty appeal to authority.

appeal to the majority

Attributing a concrete characteristic to something abstract.

reification

“After this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event. A caused event B solely on the basis that B came after A.

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Fallacy

The study of the principles of correct reasoning that focuses on the structure (or form) of the argument.

formal logic

Arguing that.a person's argument is wrong because of the person's circumstances, biases, or motivations.

circumstantial ad hominem

The art or skill of speaking or writing effectively and persuasively (regardless of considerations of logic or truth).

rhetoric

Arguing for a position on the basis that negative consequences will follow if a person does not accept the position.

appeal to force/fear

Claiming there are only two mutually exclusive possibilities, when there is a third option (or more).

fallacy of bifurcation

Those things that are required in advance; that which is necessary to a particular end.

prerequisites

Unbelievers too are made in the image of God, and hence have the capacity for ___ reasoning, God has given them knowledge as well.

rational

An argument with an unstated premise or an unstated conclusion

enthymeme